EVROPSKI SUD ZA LJUDSKA PRAVA
PRVI ODJEL
PREDMET S.L. i J.L. protiv HRVATSKE
(Zahtjev br. 13712/11)
PRESUDA
(Osnovanost)
STRASBOURG
7. svibnja 2015.
Ova presuda postaje konačna pod okolnostima utvrđenima u članku 44. st.2 . Konvencije. Može biti podvrgnuta uredničkim izmjenama.
U predmetu S.L. i J.L. protiv Hrvatske, Europski sud za ljudska prava (Prvi odjel), zasjedajući u vijeću u sastavu:
Isabelle Berro, predsjednica,
Elisabeth Steiner,
Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque,
Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos,
Erik Møse,
Ksenija Turković,
Dmitry Dedov, suci,
i Søren Nielsen, tajnik odjela,
nakon vijećanja zatvorenog za javnost, održanog 14. travnja 2015., donosi sljedeću presudu koja je usvojena tog datuma:
POSTUPAK
- Postupak u ovome predmetu pokrenut je na temelju zahtjeva (br. 13712/11) protiv Republike Hrvatske koji su državljanke Hrvatske, S.L. i J.L. („podnositeljice zahtjeva”) podnijele Sudu na temelju članka 34. Konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda („Konvencija”) dana 7. siječnja 2011. godine.
- Podnositeljice zahtjeva zastupala je gđa L. Štok, odvjetnica iz P. Hrvatsku Vladu („Vlada”) zastupala je njezina zastupnica, gđa Š. Stažnik.
- Podnositeljice zahtjeva tvrdile su da su povrijeđena njihova prava vlasništva na temelju članka 1. Protokola br. 1.
- Dana 21. listopada 2013. o zahtjevu je obaviještena Vlada.
ČINJENICE
I OKOLNOSTI PREDMETA
- Podnositeljice zahtjeva sestre su rođene 1987. i 1992. koje žive u P.
A. Pozadina predmeta
- U lipnju 1997. podnositeljice zahtjeva, koje je zastupala njihova majka V.L., sklopile su ugovor o nekretnini s B.P. u kojemu su izrazile svoju namjeru o kupnji vile površine 87 četvornih metara s pripadajućim dvorištem od 624 četvorna metra u V., četvrti uz more u P. (u daljnjem tekstu: „kuća”). U ugovoru je navedeno da je kuća u lošem stanju jer su određene osobe živjele ondje nekoliko godina bez ikakve pravne osnove te su uništile namještaj i instalacije.
- Ugovor je formaliziran kao ugovor o kupoprodaji nekretnine 17. prosinca 1997. kojim su podnositeljice zahtjeva stekle vlasništvo nad kućom u zamjenu za iznos od 450.000 kuna (HRK).
- Dana 26. studenog 1999. podnositeljice su upisale svoje vlasništvo nad kućom i zemljišnom česticom u zemljišne knjige u jednakim dijelovima.
B. Ugovor o zamjeni nekretnina
- Neutvrđenog datuma V.L. je zatražila od nadležnog Centra za socijalnu skrb (dalje u tekstu: „Centar”) odobrenje za prodaju kuće u vlasništvu podnositeljica zahtjeva prema mjerodavnom domaćem pravu u slučajevima kada roditelj želi raspolagati imovinom djeteta (vidi stavak 39. u nastavku).
- Kao posljedica tog zahtjeva, 10. travnja 2000. V.L. i njezin suprug Z.L. (otac druge podnositeljice zahtjeva) ispitani su u Centru. Naveli su da su kupili kuću 1997. godine za 450.000 HRK i da su već potrošili približno 80.000 njemačkih maraka (DEM) za njezinu obnovu. Međutim, bila su potrebna dodatna ulaganja za koja nisu imali potrebna sredstva i zbog toga su je htjeli prodati i živjeti s jednim od njihovih roditelja. Također su objasnili da imaju tvrtku koja se bavi prodajom na malo i da nemaju problema s djecom, koja imaju odlične ocjene u školi. V.L. i Z.L. također su obećali da će otvoriti bankovni račun u ime djece, na koji će položiti novac od prodaje kuće. Istaknuli su da su kontaktirali s agencijom za prodaju nekretnina koja je započela s traženjem potencijalnog kupca. Također su se dogovorili da će V.L. sklopiti kupoprodajni ugovor nakon što pronađu kupca.
- U veljači 2001. Z.L. je uhićen i zadržan u pritvoru zbog sumnje na pokušaj ubojstva i nezakonitog posjedovanja vatrenog oružja. Kasnije je podignuta optužnica za navedena kaznena djela na Županijskom sudu u P., koji ga je 10. listopada 2001. proglasio krivim i osudio na zatvorsku kaznu u trajanju od šest godina. Tijekom kaznenog postupka njegov branitelj bio je M.I., odvjetnik iz P.
- Dana 15. listopada 2001. M.I. je predao Centru zahtjev kojim se traži odobrenje ugovora za zamjenu nekretnina između podnositeljica zahtjeva i D.M., koja je zapravo M.I.-ova punica. Pripremio je punomoći koje su potpisali V.L., Z.L. i E.B. (otac prve podnositeljice zahtjeva) i koje ga ovlašćuju za ishođenje odobrenja Centra za ugovor o zamjeni nekretnina.
- Uz zahtjev M.I. je predao i nacrt ugovora o zamjeni u kojemu se navodi da će D.M. prenijeti podnositeljicama zahtjeva svoj četverosobni stan od 78,27 četvornih metara, koji se nalazi na četvrtom katu stambene zgrade u P. (dalje u tekstu: „stan”), a podnositeljice zahtjeva prenijet će vlasništvo nad kućom D.M. U nacrtu ugovora o zamjeni također je bilo navedeno da su vrijednosti nekretnina koje se zamjenjuju jednake i da se ugovorne strane odriču prava na prigovor da su pretrpjele štetu zbog davanja zamijenjene imovine ispod polovice njezine stvarne vrijednosti. M.I. je također predao još jedan dokument, dodatak ugovoru o zamjeni, u kojemu ugovorne strane potvrđuju da su V.L. i Z.L. uložili značajne iznose u kuću i da će im, na temelju iznosa prikazanih na dostupnim računima, D.M. nadoknaditi ta ulaganja.
- V. L. je 23. listopada 2001. pozvana u Centar na razgovor u vezi s M.I.-ovim zahtjevom. Navela je da je njezin muž u međuvremenu pritvoren i da je njihova tvrtka počela loše poslovati, zbog čega ju je ona zatvorila u kolovozu 2001. Također je objasnila da je nezaposlena i da ta situacija utječe na podnositeljice zahtjeva, koje nisu više tako uspješne u školi. Također je navela da je bila prisiljena posuditi novac kako bi platila račune za kuću i da je cjelokupna situacija navela nju i Z.L.-a da zamijene kuću za stan u P. uz dodatnu obvezu vlasnice stana da im plati razliku u vrijednosti između dvije nekretnine, koja prema njezinoj procjeni iznosi otprilike 100.000 DEM. Na koncu, V.L. je istaknula da je E.B., otac prve podnositeljice zahtjeva, dao svoje odobrenje za ugovor o zamjeni. Također se obvezala na upis vlasništva nad stanom u ime podnositeljica zahtjeva.
- Dana 13. studenog 2001. Centar je odobrio ugovor o zamjeni, kojim će podnositeljice zahtjeva prenijeti vlasništvo nad kućom D.M., a potonja će prenijeti svoje vlasništvo nad stanom i garažom podnositeljicama zahtjeva. U odluci koju je sastavio Centar bilo je navedeno da je V.L. obvezna dostaviti Centru primjerak ugovora o zamjeni.
- U obrazloženju odluke Centar je istaknuo da je primio na znanje punomoći koje su roditelji podnositeljica pružili M.I., izjavu V.L. od 23. listopada 2001., rodne listove podnositeljica zahtjeva i zemljišnoknjižne izvatke za nekretnine te nacrt ugovora o zamjeni. Također je uzeo u obzir činjenicu da je Z.L. prvostupanjskom presudom osuđen za kazneno djelo pokušaja ubojstva i nezakonitog posjedovanja vatrenog oružja. Na temelju tih informacija, Centar je zaključio da se ugovor o zamjeni ne protivi najboljim interesima podnositeljica zahtjeva jer njihova prava vlasništva neće prestati niti će se smanjiti s obzirom na to da će postati vlasnice stana koji će im pružiti u potpunosti prikladan prostor za stanovanje.
- Istoga je dana Centar odobrio dodatak ugovoru o zamjeni prema kojemu će D.M. platiti svakoj od podnositeljica 5.000 DEM na temelju razlike u vrijednosti između zamijenjenih nekretnina. Kao uvjet za tu odluku, V.L. je morala dostaviti Centru izjavu banke kojom se potvrđuje da je plaćanje izvršeno. U svojem obrazloženju Centar se pozvao na zahtjev koji je V.L. podnijela za sklapanje dodatka ugovoru o zamjeni i izjavu koju je dala Centru. Centar je također smatrao da to neće biti protivno interesima podnositeljica zahtjeva.
- Te dvije odluke koje je Centar izdao 13. studenog 2001. proslijeđene su odvjetniku M.I.
- Dana 16. prosinca 2001. podnositeljice zahtjeva, koje je zastupala njihova majka V.L., sklopile su ugovor o zamjeni nekretnina s D.M. u prisutnosti javnog bilježnika u P., čime su podnositeljice zahtjeva prenijele vlasništvo nad kućom D.M., a potonja je prenijela svoje vlasništvo nad stanom i garažom podnositeljicama zahtjeva. Ugovor o zamjeni sadržavao je klauzulu prema kojoj su ugovorne strane suglasne da nema razlike u vrijednosti zamijenjenih nekretnina te da nemaju daljnjih potraživanja po toj osnovi. Također je određena vrijednost nekretnina u iznosu od približno 400.000 HRK.
- Na temelju tog ugovora, podnositeljice zahtjeva i D.M. propisno su upisale vlasništvo nad nekretninama u zemljišne knjige.
- Dana 28. prosinca 2001. odvjetnik M.I. predao je Centru izvadak iz zemljišnih knjiga kojim se potvrđuje da su podnositeljice zahtjeva upisane kao vlasnice stana i izjave banke iz kojih je vidljivo da je svaka od njih primila po 5.000 DEM.
- Dana 2. i 12. ožujka 2002. Porezna uprava u P. odredila je poreznu obvezu u iznosu od 20.000 HRK za svaku ugovornu stranu na temelju iskazane vrijednosti pravnog posla prema ugovoru o zamjeni, koja je podijeljena na pola što se tiče podnositeljica zahtjeva, od kojih je svaka stoga bila dužna platiti 10.000 HRK.
C. Parnični postupak koji su pokrenule podnositeljice zahtjeva
- Dana 17. studenog 2004. podnositeljice zahtjeva, koje je zastupao Z.L. kao njihov skrbnik, podnijele su tužbu protiv D.M. na Općinskom sudu u P., tražeći od suda da utvrdi ugovor o zamjeni ništavim.
- Tijekom postupka podnositeljice zahtjeva tvrdile su da je ugovorom o zamjeni izvršena zamjena vlasništva nad kućom - koja se sastoji od dva stana, svaki površine 87 četvornih metara, udaljena je pet minuta hoda od mora i vrijedi približno 300.000 eura (EUR) - za stan i garažu koji zajedno ne vrijede više od 70.000 EUR. Budući da su u trenutku kada je ugovor zaključen one imale tek četrnaest i devet godina, Centar je trebao braniti njihova prava i nije smio odobriti ugovor o zamjeni te vrste. U tom pogledu istaknule su da članak 265. § 1. Obiteljskog zakona navodi specifične slučajeve u kojima se može raspolagati imovinom maloljetnika te da u vezi s njima nije postojao nijedan od tih slučajeva. Štoviše, Centar nije izvršio očevid niti naložio vještačenje kojim bi mogao procijeniti vrijednost kuće i donijeti ispravnu odluku s obzirom na zahtjev za odobrenjem ugovora o zamjeni. Podnositeljice zahtjeva stoga su smatrale da je, budući da nije poduzeo tako ključne mjere, Centar dopustio izvršavanje nezakonite i nemoralne zamjene nekretnina. Po njihovu mišljenju, to je dovelo do nevaljanosti zamjene ab initio. Podnositeljice zahtjeva također su istaknule da njihov skrbnik Z.L. nije bio prisutan tijekom rasprava o ugovoru o zamjeni. Stoga su predložile da prvostupanjski sud ispita nekoliko svjedoka, uključujući sudionike ugovora o zamjeni, zaposlenike Centra, prvu podnositeljicu zahtjeva - koja je u tom trenutku imala već sedamnaest godina - i još nekoliko svjedoka koji su bili svjesni okolnosti predmeta i naredi vještačenje kojim će se utvrditi vrijednost nekretnina.
- Dana 1. ožujka 2005. Općinski sud u P. odbacio je zahtjev podnositeljica zahtjeva za prihvaćanjem dokaznih prijedloga s obrazloženjem da je o predmetu moguće odlučiti na temelju dokumenata iz spisa predmeta.
- Dana 15. travnja 2005. Općinski sud u P. odbio je tužbu podnositeljica zahtjeva. Naveo je da nije u položaju preispitivati odluku Centra o odobrenju ugovora o zamjeni budući da je riječ o upravnoj odluci koju bi bilo moguće osporiti samo u upravnom postupku. Stoga, s obzirom na postojanje takve odluke, Općinski sud u P. nije mogao proglasiti ugovor o zamjeni nezakonitim ili protivnim moralu društva. Također je istaknuo da bi ugovor o zamjeni eventualno mogao biti pobojan, no podnositeljice zahtjeva nisu podnijele tužbeni zahtjev u tom smislu.
- Podnositeljice zahtjeva osporile su presudu žalbom podnesenom Županijskom sudu u P., pri čemu su tvrdile da prvostupanjski sud nije provjerio njihove tvrdnje i na taj je način pogriješio u svojoj odluci koja se odnosi na valjanost ugovora o zamjeni.
- Dana 19. ožujka 2007. Županijski sud u P. odbio je žalbu podnositeljica kao neosnovanu, čime je potvrdio obrazloženje prvostupanjskog suda.
- Podnositeljice su zatim 8. lipnja 2007. uložile reviziju Vrhovnom sudu Republike Hrvatske. Drugu podnositeljicu zahtjeva zastupala je V.L., a prva podnositeljica, koja je u međuvremenu postala punoljetna, mogla je sama sudjelovati u sudskom postupku.
- U reviziji podnositeljice zahtjeva tvrdile su, između ostalog, da Općinski sud u P. nije provjerio relevantne dokaze te da je neispravno procijenio okolnosti predmeta. Naročito, nije uzeo u obzir činjenicu da je Centar nesavjesno dopustio sklapanje ugovora o zamjeni, a da pritom nije uzeo u obzir vrijednost nekretnina i prirodu njihovih obiteljskih okolnosti u danom trenutku, odnosno činjenicu da je Z.L. bio u pritvoru i da je bilo poznato da je V.L. osoba s problemom zlouporabe droge.
- Dana 19. prosinca 2007. Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske odbio je reviziju podnositeljica zahtjeva kao neosnovanu i potvrdio je odluku nižih sudova, koji su odlučili da građanski sudovi nisu u položaju preispitivati konačnu upravnu odluku Centra kojom se dopušta sklapanje ugovora o zamjeni. Štoviše, Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske nije smatrao da Centar nije zaštitio najbolje interese podnositeljica zahtjeva.
- Podnositeljice zahtjeva zatim su podnijele ustavnu tužbu Ustavnom sudu Republike Hrvatske, ponavljajući svoje prethodne tvrdnje istaknute pred nižim sudovima. Drugu podnositeljicu zahtjeva zastupala je V.L.
- Dana 9. lipnja 2010. Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske odbacio je ustavnu tužbu podnositeljica kao nedopuštenu zbog njezine očite neosnovanosti.
D. Ostale relevantne informacije
- Izvješće Ministarstva socijalne politike i mladih od 30. siječnja 2014. predano Sudu ukazuje na činjenicu da Centar nije imao saznanja o problemu V.L. sa zlouporabom droge niti je bio obaviješten o sukobu interesa M.I.-a.
- Prema izvješću Ministarstva zdravlja od 7. veljače 2014. V.L. je započela s terapijom ovisnosti o drogi 12. prosinca 2003. i prekinula je 2004. Zatim je opet započela s terapijom 2007. i u tom je razdoblju još bila pod terapijom.
- Informacije dostupne iz e-zemljišnih knjiga koje se odnose na imovinu u Hrvatskoj pokazuju da kuća i zemljište na kojoj se ona nalazi imaju 225 četvornih metara s pripadajućim dvorištem od 476 četvornih metara, od čega je sve upisano na ime D.M. kao vlasnice.
II MJERODAVNO DOMAĆE I MEĐUNARODNO PRAVO
A. Mjerodavno domaće pravo
1. Ustav Republike Hrvatske
- Mjerodavna odredba Ustava Republike Hrvatske („Narodne novine”, br. 56/1990, 135/1997, 8/1998 (pročišćeni tekst), 113/2000, 124/2000 (pročišćeni tekst), 28/2001 i 41/2001 (pročišćeni tekst), 55/2001 (ispravak), 76/2010, 85/2010 i 05/2014) glasi:
Članak 48.
„Jamči se pravo vlasništva ...”
Članak 63.
„Država štiti... djecu i mladež ...”
Članak 65.
„Dužnost je svih da štite djecu ...”
2. Zakon o obveznim odnosima
- Mjerodavne odredbe Zakona o obveznim odnosima („Narodne novine” br. 53/1991, 73/1991, 111/1993, 3/1994, 7/1996, 91/1996 i 112/1999) navode:
Dopuštena [pravna] osnova
Članak 51.
„(1) Svaka ugovorna obveza mora imati dopuštenu [pravnu] osnovu [causa].
(2) Osnova je nedopuštena, ako je protivna Ustavu Republike Hrvatske, prisilnim propisima te moralu društva.
...”
Ništavost ugovora zbog [pravne] osnove
Članak 52.
„Ako [pravna] osnova [ugovora] ne postoji ili je [osnova] nedopuštena, ugovor je ništav.”
Ništavost
Članak 103.
„Ugovor, koji je protivan Ustavu Republike Hrvatske, prisilnim propisima te moralu društva ništav je ako cilj povrijeđenog pravila ne upućuje na neku drugu sankciju ili ako zakon o određenom slučaju ne propisuje što drugo.”
Neograničeno isticanje ništavosti
Članak 110.
„Pravo na isticanje ništavosti ne gasi se.”
Pobojni ugovori
Članak 111.
„Ugovor je pobojan kad ga je sklopila strana ograničeno poslovno sposobna, kad je pri njegovu sklapanju bilo mana u pogledu volje strana te kad je to ovim zakonom ili posebnim propisom određeno.”
Prestanak prava
Članak 117.
„(1) Pravo zahtijevati poništenje pobojnog ugovora prestaje istekom roka od jedne godine od saznanja za razlog pobojnosti ...
(2) To pravo u svakom slučaju prestaje istekom roka od tri godine od dana sklapanja ugovora.”
Očiti nerazmjer uzajamnih davanja
Članak 139.
„(1) Ako je između obveza ugovornih strana u dvostranom ugovoru postojao u vrijeme sklapanja ugovora očiti nerazmjer, oštećena strana može zahtijevati poništenje ugovora ako za pravu vrijednost tada nije znala niti je morala znati.
(2) Pravo da se zahtijeva poništenje ugovora prestaje istekom godine dana od njegova sklapanja.
(3) Odricanje unaprijed od ovog prava nema pravni učinak.”
3. Obiteljski zakon
- Mjerodavni dio Obiteljskog zakona (Narodne novine br. 162/1998), na snazi u to vrijeme, navodi:
Članak 121.
„(1) Poslovna sposobnost stječe se punoljetnošću ili sklapanjem braka prije punoljetnosti.
(2) Punoljetna je osoba koja je navršila osamnaest godina života.
...”
Članak 192.
„Djetetu čiji roditelji ili posvojitelji imaju pravo na roditeljsku skrb postavlja se skrbnik za poseban slučaj u sporu između njega i njegovih roditelja ili posvojitelja, za sklapanje pojedinih pravnih poslova između njih, kao i u drugim slučajevima kad su djetetovi interesi u suprotnosti s interesom roditelja ili posvojitelja.
Članak 265.
„(1) Roditelji mogu s odobrenjem nadležnog centra za socijalnu skrb otuđiti ili opteretiti imovinu maloljetnog djeteta radi njegova uzdržavanja, liječenja, odgoja, školovanja, obrazovanja ili za podmirenje neke druge važne potrebe djeteta.
(2) Odobrenje centra za socijalnu skrb potrebno je i za poduzimanje odgovarajućih postupovnih radnji pred sudom ili državnim tijelima koja se odnose na djetetovu imovinu.”
4. Zakon o porezu na promet nekretnina
- Mjerodavna odredba Zakona o porezu na promet nekretnina („Narodne novine”, br. 69/1997) navodi:
Članak 9.
„(1) Osnovica poreza na promet nekretnina je tržišna vrijednost nekretnine u trenutku stjecanja.
(2) Pod tržišnom vrijednosti nekretnine razumijeva se cijena nekretnine koja se postiže ili se može postići na tržištu u trenutku njezina stjecanja. Tržišna vrijednost nekretnine utvrđuje se, u pravilu, na temelju isprava o stjecanju.
...”
5. Zakon o parničnom postupku
- Mjerodavni dio Zakona o parničnom postupku („Narodne novine” br. 53/1991, 91/1992, 58/1993, 112/1999, 88/2001, 117/2003, 88/2005, 2/2007, 84/2008, 123/2008, 57/2011, 148/2011, 25/2013 i 89/2014) navodi:
Članak 428.a
„(1) Kad Europski sud za ljudska prava utvrdi povredu kojeg ljudskog prava ili temeljne slobode zajamčene Konvencijom za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda i dodatnih Protokola uz tu Konvenciju koje je Republika Hrvatska ratificirala, stranka može, u roku od trideset dana od konačnosti presude Europskog suda za ljudska prava, podnijeti zahtjev sudu u Republici Hrvatskoj koji je sudio u prvom stupnju u postupku u kojemu je donesena odluka kojom je povrijeđeno ljudsko pravo ili temeljna sloboda, za izmjenu odluke kojom je to pravo ili temeljna sloboda povrijeđeno.
(2) Postupak iz stavka 1. ovoga članka provodi se uz odgovarajuću primjenu odredaba o ponavljanju postupka.
(3) U ponovljenom postupku sudovi su dužni poštivati pravna stajališta izražena u konačnoj presudi Europskog suda za ljudska prava kojom je utvrđena povreda temeljnog ljudskog prava ili slobode.”
B. Mjerodavno međunarodno pravo
1. Konvencija o pravima djeteta
- Mjerodavna odredba Konvencije o pravima djeteta od 20. studenog 1989., koja je u odnosu na Hrvatsku stupila na snagu 8. listopada 1991. (Narodne novine - Međunarodni ugovori, br. 12/1993), navodi:
Članak 3.
„1. U svim akcijama koje se odnose na djecu, bilo da ih poduzimaju javne ili privatne ustanove socijalne skrbi, sudovi, državna uprava ili zakonodavna tijela, najbolji interes djeteta mora imati prednost.
...”
- Odbor za prava djeteta nedavno je objasnio sadržaj ove obveze u „Općem komentaru br. 14 (2013) o pravu djeteta da njegov ili njezin najbolji interes bude od primarnog značaja (čl. 3. st. 1)” (CRC/C/GC/14, 29. svibnja 2013.) na sljedeći način:
„A. Najbolji interes djeteta: pravo, načelo i pravilo postupka
1. Članak 3. stavak 1. Konvencije o pravima djeteta daje svakom djetetu pravo na procjenu i uzimanje njegovih ili njezinih najboljih interesa u obzir kao najvišeg kriterija u svim radnjama ili odlukama koji se na njega ili nju odnose, i u javnoj i u privatnoj sferi. Štoviše, on izražava jednu od temeljnih vrijednosti Konvencije. Odbor za prava djeteta (Odbor) prepoznao je članak 3. stavak 1. kao jedno od četiri glavna načela Konvencije za tumačenje i primjenu svih prava djeteta i smatra ga dinamičnim konceptom koji zahtijeva procjenu prilagođenu specifičnom kontekstu.
...
4. Koncept najboljeg interesa djeteta usmjeren je na potpuno i učinkovito uživanje svih prava prepoznatih u Konvenciji kao i na holistički razvoj djeteta. Odbor je već istaknuo da „procjena odraslih o najboljem interesu djeteta ne može nadvladati obvezu poštivanja svih prava djeteta prema Konvenciji”. Podsjeća da u Konvenciji nema hijerarhije prava; sva ondje navedena prava su u „najboljem interesu djeteta” i nijedno se pravo ne može dovesti u pitanje negativnim tumačenjem najboljeg interesa djeteta.
6. Odbor naglašava da je najbolji interes djeteta trostruki koncept:
(a) Materijalno pravo: Pravo djeteta da se njegovi ili njezini interesi procijene i uzmu u obzir kao najviši kriterij pri razmatranju različitih interesa kako bi se donijela odluka o predmetnom pitanju i jamstvo da će to pravo biti ostvareno svaki put kada je potrebno donijeti odluku koja se odnosi na dijete, skupinu identificirane ili neidentificirane djece ili djecu općenito. Članak 3. stavak 1. nameće konstitutivnu obvezu Državama, izravno je primjenjiv (izvršiv sam po sebi) i može se na njega pozvati pred sudom.
(b) Temeljno pravno načelo za tumačenje: Ako je zakonska odredba podložna više od jednom tumačenju, potrebno je odabrati tumačenje koje najučinkovitije služi najboljem interesu djeteta. Prava sadržana u Konvenciji i njezinim Fakultativnim protokolima pružaju okvir za tumačenje.
(c) Pravilo postupka: Kad god je potrebno donijeti odluku koja će utjecati na određeno dijete, identificiranu skupinu djece ili djecu općenito, postupak donošenja odluke mora uključivati procjenu mogućeg utjecaja (pozitivnog ili negativnog) odluke na to dijete ili djecu. Ocjenjivanje i utvrđivanje najboljih interesa djeteta zahtijeva postupovna jamstva. Nadalje, obrazloženje odluke mora pokazati da je pravo izričito uzeto u obzir. U tom pogledu, države su dužne objasniti na koji je način pravo ispoštovano u odluci, odnosno što se smatra da je u najboljem interesu djeteta; na kojim se kriterijima to temelji; i kako se interesi djeteta važu naspram drugih razmatranja, neovisno o tome radi li se o općenitim pitanjima politike ili pojedinačnim slučajevima.
...
III. Priroda i opseg obveza država stranki
13. Svaka država stranka mora poštivati i primijeniti pravo djeteta na procjenu i uzimanje njegovih najboljih interesa kao glavnog kriterija te je obvezna poduzeti sve potrebne, namjerne i konkretne mjere za potpuno ostvarenje tog prava.
14. Člankom 3. stavkom 1. uspostavljen je okvir s tri vrste obveza za države stranke:
(a) Obveza osigurati da se najbolji interesi djeteta na odgovarajući način uključe i dosljedno primjenjuju u svakoj radnji koju poduzima javna ustanova, naročito u svim mjerama provedbe, upravnim i sudskim postupcima koji izravno ili neizravno utječu na djecu;
(b) Obveza osigurati da sve sudske i upravne odluke kao i sve politike i zakonodavstvo koji se odnose na djecu pokazuju da su najbolji interesi djeteta bili primarni kriterij. To uključuje opisivanje načina na koji su najbolji interesi ispitani i procijenjeni te koja im je težina pripisana u odluci.
(c) Obveza osigurati da su interesi djeteta procijenjeni i uzeti kao glavni kriterij u odlukama i radnjama koje poduzima privatni sektor, uključujući tijela koja pružaju usluge i sve druge privatne subjekte ili institucije koje donose odluke koje se tiču djeteta ili na njega utječu.”
2. Povelja o temeljnim pravima
- Povelja o temeljnim pravima Europske unije (2010/C 83/02) u mjerodavnom dijelu navodi:
Članak 24.
Prava djeteta
„...
(2) U svakom djelovanju koje se odnosi na djecu, bez obzira na to provodi li ga tijelo vlasti ili privatna ustanova, primarni cilj mora biti zaštita interesa djeteta.
...”
PRAVO
I NAVODNA POVREDA ČLANKA 1. PROTOKOLA BR. 1. UZ KONVENCIJU
- Podnositeljice zahtjeva žalile su se da država nije zaštitila njihove vlasničke interese u navodno nezakonitom i nemoralnom ugovoru o zamjeni nekretnina. Pozvale su se na članak 1. Protokola br. 1. koji glasi:
„Svaka fizička ili pravna osoba ima pravo na mirno uživanje svojega vlasništva. Nitko se ne smije lišiti svoga vlasništva, osim u javnom interesu, i to samo uz uvjete predviđene zakonom i općim načelima međunarodnog prava.
Prethodne odredbe, međutim, ni na koji način ne umanjuju pravo države da primijeni zakone koje smatra potrebnima da bi uredila upotrebu vlasništva u skladu s općim interesom ili za osiguranje plaćanja poreza ili drugih doprinosa ili kazni.”
A. Dopuštenost
1. Zlouporaba prava na pojedinačni zahtjev
(a) Tvrdnje stranaka
- Vlada je iznijela tvrdnju da su u početnom zahtjevu Sudu podnositeljice zahtjeva navele da kuća ima 174 četvorna metra, a u stvarnosti je njezina površina upola manja, odnosno 87 četvornih metara. Također nisu navele da su primile dodatnu uplatu od 10.000 DEM koja odgovara ulaganjima njihovih roditelja u kuću te su lažno navele da je V.L. bila registrirana ovisnica u razdoblju relevantnom za događaje. Po mišljenju Vlade, sve su te činjenice relevantne za predmet i, budući da ih nisu točno iznijele, podnositeljice zahtjeva zloupotrijebile su svoje pravo na pojedinačni zahtjev.
- Podnositeljice zahtjeva iznijele su svoje prigovore te su objasnile da se kuća zapravo sastoji od dva kata i da površina prizemlja iznosi približno 80 četvornih metara. Stoga se Vladino upućivanje na 87 četvornih metara odnosi samo na tlocrt, ali ne i na ukupnu površinu kuće, koju su one smatrale relevantnom. Također su istaknule da je to bilo moguće vidjeti iz izmjena u zemljišnim knjigama.
(b) Ocjena Suda
- Pojam „zlouporabe” u smislu članka 35. stavka 3. (a) Konvencije predstavlja svako ponašanje podnositelja koje je očigledno protivno svrsi prava na pojedinačni zahtjev, kako je ono predviđeno Konvencijom, i koje sprječava pravilno funkcioniranje Suda ili pravilno vođenje postupka pred njim (vidi predmet Miroļubovs i drugi protiv Latvije, br. 798/05, §§ 62. i 65., 15. rujna 2009.). Zahtjev se iznimno može odbiti po toj osnovi ako se, između ostalog, svjesno temelji na neistinitim činjenicama (vidi, kao noviji primjer, predmet A. protiv Cipra (odluka), br. 41816/10, §§ 39., 40., 42. i 43., 25. ožujka 2014.; i Gross protiv Švicarske [VV], br. 67810/10, § 28., ECHR 2014), čiji su najistaknutiji primjer zahtjevi koji se temelje na krivotvorenim dokumentima (vidi, na primjer, predmet Jian protiv Rumunjske (odluka), br. 46640/99, 30. ožujka 2004.; Bagheri i Maliki protiv Nizozemske (odluka), br. 30164/06, 15. svibnja 2007.; i Poznanski i drugi protiv Njemačke (odluka), br. 25101/05, 3. srpnja 2007.). Međutim, svaki namjerni pokušaj obmanjivanja Suda mora biti utvrđen s dostatnom sigurnošću (vidi, među mnogim drugim, predmet Gross, prethodno citiran, stavak 28.).
- U ovom predmetu Sud ne smatra da su podnositeljice zahtjeva namjerno pružile lažne informacije u vezi s površinom kuće ili primitkom dodatne uplate jer su te informacije bile očite iz dokumenata dostupnih sudu. U svakom slučaju, to čini dio spora između stranaka povezano s tim je li ili nije došlo do kršenja članka 1. Protokola broj 1. u vezi s ugovorom o zamjeni. Kao takvo, to može biti predmet tvrdnji i protutvrdnji stranaka, koje Sud može prihvatiti ili odbiti, no ne može se samo po sebi smatrati zlouporabom prava na pojedinačni zahtjev (vidi predmet Udovičić protiv Hrvatske, br. 27310/09, § 125., 24. travnja 2014.; i Harakchiev i Tolumov protiv Bugarske, 15018/11 i 61199/12, § 185., 8. srpnja 2014.). To također vrijedi za promjene u zemljišnim knjigama koje se odnose na površinu nekretnine (vidi prethodni stavak 36.). Slično tome, Sud primjećuje da je pitanje je li problem zlouporabe droge V.L. bio poznat Centru još jedno sporno pitanje o kojemu se već raspravljalo na domaćoj razini, no ono ni u kojem slučaju nije ključno za predmet (vidi prethodne stavke 30. i 32.). U skladu s tim, neovisno o tome je li ili nije bila registrirana kao ovisnik u određenoj bazi podataka nadležnih tijela, ne može se reći da su podnositeljice zahtjeva zloupotrijebile pravo na pojedinačni zahtjev navodeći te tvrdnje pred Sudom.
- Stoga se prigovor Vlade mora odbiti.
2. Neiscrpljivanje domaćih pravnih sredstava
(a) Tvrdnje stranaka
- Vlada je istaknula da skrbnici podnositeljica zahtjeva, odnosno njihovi roditelji, nisu u ime svoje djece osporili odluku Centra kojom se odobrava ugovor o zamjeni, što su mogli učiniti putem dostupnih pravnih sredstava u upravnom postupku i time izraziti svoje prigovore u vezi s prethodno navedenim ugovorom. Odluka o odobrenju ugovora o zamjeni propisno je uručena njihovu predstavniku i stoga su je slobodno mogli osporiti pred nadležnim tijelima. Štoviše, roditelji podnositeljica nisu podnijeli imovinskopravni zahtjev kako bi se utvrdilo da je ugovor o zamjeni pobojan, kako je navedeno u članku 139. Zakona o obveznim odnosima. Umjesto toga, pogrešno su podnijeli tužbu tražeći da se ugovor o zamjeni proglasi ništavim, što je onemogućilo domaće sudove - koji su smatrali da je tužbeni zahtjev neosnovan - da prekvalificiraju tužbu u tužbeni zahtjev sukladno članku 139. Zakona o obveznim odnosima. Po mišljenju Vlade, njihova mogućnost uporabe takvih pravnih sredstava možda je bila onemogućena činjenicom da je u to vrijeme Z.L. bio u pritvoru, no to ne može objasniti činjenicu da nije poduzeo potrebne radnje u vezi s ugovorom o zamjeni ili da V.L. i E.B. nisu osporili odluku Centra i sklapanje ugovora o zamjeni, kako je propisano mjerodavnim domaćim pravom.
- Podnositeljice zahtjeva smatrale su da su propisno iscrpile domaća pravna sredstva i tvrdile su da je Centar trebao zaštititi njihove interese u vezi sa zaključivanjem ugovora o zamjeni, što on nije učinio. Naročito, nisu mogle podnijeti prigovor koji se odnosi na odluku Centra kojom se odobrava ugovor o zamjeni jer je odluka dostavljena isključivo M.I., koji zbog sukoba interesa nije imao razloga uložiti prigovor na prethodno navedenu odluku.
(b) Ocjena Suda
- Sud smatra da se pitanje iscrpljenosti domaćih pravnih sredstava, kako ga iznose stranke, treba pridružiti osnovanosti, s obzirom da je usko povezano s biti prigovora podnositeljica.
3. Zaključak
- Sud primjećuje da zahtjev podnositeljica nije očito neosnovan u smislu članka 35. § 3. (a) Konvencije. Primjećuje i da nije nedopušten ni po kojoj drugoj osnovi. Stoga se mora proglasiti dopuštenim.
B. Osnovanost
1. Tvrdnje stranaka
- Podnositeljice zahtjeva tvrde da je samo po sebi jasno da kuća ima značajno veću vrijednost od stana koje su primile od D.M. na temelju ugovora o zamjeni nekretnina. Objasnile su da iznos od 450.000 HRK (približno 60.000 EUR), za koji su roditelji kupili kuću, ne odgovara njezinoj stvarnoj vrijednosti s obzirom na to da su je kupili 1997. - u okolnostima poslijeratne nesigurnosti - od prethodnih vlasnika, koji su napustili Hrvatsku i u to su vrijeme živjeli u Beogradu. U svakom slučaju, podnositeljice zahtjeva tvrdile su da je neosporno da su njihovi roditelji uložili približno 80.000 DEM (približno 40.000 EUR) u kuću koja je, zajedno s iznosom koji su za nju platili, ukupno vrijedila nekih 100.000 EUR. Stoga je nejasno zašto je Centar pristao na ugovor o zamjeni kojim su dobile stan koji vrijedi približno 55.000 EUR. Štoviše, podnositeljice zahtjeva smatraju da je Centar bio svjestan činjenice da je njihov otac u to vrijeme bio u zatvoru, da je njihova majka imala problema sa zlouporabom droge i da je M.I. bio u sukobu interesa. Unatoč tome, Centar nije pokušao ispitati oca niti je zatražio vještačenje kojim bi se procijenila vrijednost imovine niti proveo očevid kojim bi se procijenile okolnosti zamjene nekretnina. Slično tome, porezne vlasti procijenile su vrijednost zamjene imovine isključivo na osnovi vrijednosti navedene u ugovoru o zamjeni bez bilo kakvih daljnjih izvida. U tim okolnostima - u kojima njihovi roditelji nisu mogli na odgovarajući način zaštititi njihova prava i interese - podnositeljice su smatrale da su tijela državne vlasti imale obvezu pristupiti predmetu s dužnom pažnjom, uzimajući u obzir službenu dužnost države da spriječi sve radnje koje bi mogle biti protivne najboljem interesu podnositeljica zahtjeva.
- Vlada je prihvatila da su domaća nadležna tijela imala pozitivnu obvezu štititi najbolji interes podnositeljica zahtjeva, koje su u trenutku sklapanja ugovora o zamjeni još bile djeca. Vlada je, međutim, smatrala da su tijela državne vlasti propisno izvršila tu obvezu. Vlada je istaknula da je ugovor o zamjeni zaključen u veoma teškim okolnostima za obitelj podnositeljica zahtjeva, s obzirom na to da je u to vrijeme njihov otac bio u pritvoru i čekao suđenje u kaznenom postupku za veoma ozbiljne optužbe, a njihova je majka imala financijskih problema, što je sve zajedno utjecalo na same podnositeljice. Stoga je odluka Centra kojom se odobrava ugovor o zamjeni, a koja je trebala osigurati normalan odgoj i obrazovanje podnositeljica, bila jedino moguće rješenje. Što se tiče vrijednosti nekretnina, Vlada je istaknula da je stan bio tek nekih deset četvornih metara manji od kuće i da, za razliku od kuće, nije zahtijevao dodatna ulaganja ili renovaciju. Štoviše, podnositeljice su primile dodatan iznos od 10.000 DEM na ime razlike u vrijednosti između dviju nekretnina. Po mišljenju Vlade, porezna procjena vrijednosti imovine također upućuje na to da nijedna strana ugovora o zamjeni nije time pretrpjela nikakvu štetu. U svakom slučaju, nije samo vrijednost imovine bila relevantan čimbenik, već su i obiteljske okolnosti podnositeljica opravdale ugovor o zamjeni na koji je Centar pristao. Vlada je priznala da Centar nije naložio vještačenje za procjenu vrijednosti kuće, no smatra da za to nije bilo razloga jer je Centar mogao procijeniti relevantne činjenice na temelju dokumenata u spisu predmeta. Štoviše, Centar nije imao razloga sumnjati da je V.L. štitila dobrobit podnositeljica jer u to vrijeme ništa nije upućivalo na to da je imala bilo kakvih problema sa zlouporabom droge. Slično tome, Centar nije imao razloga vjerovati da je M.I. u sukobu interesa jer se pred njim predstavljao kao ovlašteni predstavnik roditelja podnositeljica.
2. Ocjena suda
(a) Opća načela
- Sud na početku primjećuje da je u ovom predmetu neosporno da se pitanja koja se odnose na vlasničke interese podnositeljica zahtjeva u vezi s ugovorom o zamjeni nekretnina trebaju ispitati temeljem članka 1. Protokola br. 1.
- Iako je temeljni cilj članka 1. Protokola broj 1. zaštititi osobu od neopravdanog miješanja države u mirno uživanje njegova ili njezina vlasništva, on također može podrazumijevati pozitivne obveze koje zahtijevaju od države da poduzme određene mjere potrebne za zaštitu prava vlasništva, naročito kada postoji izravna poveznica između mjera koje podnositelj zahtjeva opravdano može očekivati od nadležnih tijela i njegova ili njezina stvarnog uživanja njegova ili njezina vlasništva (vidi predmet Sovtransavto Holding protiv Ukrajine, br. 48553/99, stavak 96., ECHR 2002-VII i ondje citirane predmete; Öneryıldız protiv Turske [VV], br. 48939/99, § 134., ECHR 2004-XII; Broniowski protiv Poljske [VV], br. 31443/96, § 143., ECHR 2004-V; Păduraru protiv Rumunjske, br. 63252/00, § 88., ECHR 2005-XII; Bistrović protiv Hrvatske, br. 25774/05, § 35., 31. svibnja 2007.; i Zolotas protiv Grčke (br. 2), br. 66610/09, § 47., CEDH 2013). Osobito, navode o tome da država nije poduzela pozitivne radnje kako bi zaštitila privatno vlasništvo treba ispitati u svjetlu općeg pravila u prvoj rečenici prvog stavka članka 1. Protokola broj 1. uz Konvenciju, koji propisuje pravo na mirno uživanje vlasništva (vidi predmet Kolyadenko i drugi protiv Rusije, br. 17423/05, 20534/05, 20678/05, 23263/05, 24283/05 i 35673/05, § 213., 28. veljače 2012.).
- Iako granice između pozitivnih i negativnih dužnosti države prema članku 1. Protokola br. 1. nije moguće precizno definirati, primjenjiva su načela unatoč tome slična. Bez obzira na to analizira li se predmet u smislu pozitivne obveze države ili u smislu upletanja javnog tijela koje treba biti opravdano, kriteriji koji se trebaju primijeniti u biti se ne razlikuju. I u slučaju upletanja u mirno uživanje vlasništva i u slučaju suzdržavanja od djelovanja, potrebno je uspostaviti pravičnu ravnotežu između zahtjeva općeg interesa zajednice i zahtjeva zaštite temeljnih prava pojedinca (vidi, između ostalih izvora prava, predmet Sporrong i Lönnroth protiv Švedske, 23. rujna 1982., § 69., Serija A br. 52 i Kotov protiv Rusije [VV], br. 54522/00, § 110., 3. travnja 2012.).
- Kako bi procijenio je li postupanje države ispunilo zahtjeve članka 1. Protokola broj 1., Sud mora uzeti u obzir činjenicu da Konvencija jamči prava koja su praktična i učinkovita. Mora ići ispod površine i ispitati stvarnu situaciju, što zahtijeva sveukupno razmatranje raznih interesa koji su u pitanju; to može zahtijevati analizu, između ostaloga, ponašanja stranki u postupku, uključujući korake koje je poduzela država (vidi predmet Beyeler protiv Italije [VV], br. 33202/96, § 114., ECHR 2000-I; Novoseletskiy protiv Ukrajine, br. 47148/99, § 102., 22. veljače 2005.).
- Nadalje, pozitivne obveze naročito podrazumijevaju da su države obvezne osigurati sudske postupke koji nude potrebna postupovna jamstva i tako omogućiti domaćim sudovima i tribunalima da donesu učinkovitu i pravednu presudu u svim predmetima koji se odnose na pitanja vlasništva (vidi predmet Anheuser-Busch Inc. protiv Portugala [VV], br. 73049/01, § 83., ECHR 2007-I i Chadzitaskos i Franta protiv Češke Republike, br. 7398/07, 31244/07, 11993/08 i 3957/09, § 48., 27. rujna 2012.), uključujući predmete između privatnih stranaka (vidi predmet Zehentner protiv Austrije, br. 20082/02, §§ 73. i 75., 16. srpnja 2009.). Predmetni postupak mora pružiti osobi razumnu priliku da predstavi svoj slučaj mjerodavnim vlastima u svrhu učinkovitog osporavanja mjera koje ometaju prava zajamčena ovom odredbom. Pri utvrđivanju je li taj uvjet zadovoljen, Sud uzima u obzir cjelokupnu sliku (vidi predmet Jokela protiv Finske, br. 28856/95, § 45., ECHR 2002-IV, i ondje citirane predmete, i Zehentner, prethodno citiran, § 73.).
- Sud također smatra da, kada su djeca uključena, potrebno je uzeti u obzir njihove najbolje interese (vidi, na primjer, predmet X protiv Latvije [VV], br. 27853/09, § 96., ECHR 2013). Upravo što se tiče tog pitanja, Sud ponavlja da postoji suglasje, također i u međunarodnom pravu, koje podržava ideju da su u svim odlukama koje se tiču djece njihovi najbolji interesi od najveće važnosti. Iako sami po sebi ne mogu biti odlučujući, tim je interesima nedvojbeno potrebno dati značajnu težinu (vidi predmet Jeunesse protiv Nizozemske [VV], br. 12738/10, § 109., 3. listopada 2014.). Uistinu, Konvencija o pravima djeteta daje svakom djetetu pravo na procjenu i uzimanje njegovih ili njezinih najboljih interesa u obzir kao najvišeg kriterija u svim radnjama ili odlukama koji se na njega ili nju odnose, i u javnoj i u privatnoj sferi, što izražava jednu od temeljnih vrijednosti Konvencije (vidi stavke 42. i 43.).
- Sudska praksa pokazuje da su ta razmatranja značajna i u području zaštite vlasničkih interesa djeteta koja pripadaju članku 1. Protokola broj 1. Stoga Sud mora ocijeniti način na koji su domaća nadležna tijela djelovala u zaštiti vlasničkih prava djeteta protiv svih zlonamjernih ili nesavjesnih radnji drugih, uključujući njihove pravne zastupnike i biološke roditelje (vidi predmet Lazarev i Lazarev protiv Rusije (odluka), br. 16153/03, 24. studenog 2005.).
(b) Primjena tih načela na ovaj predmet
- Sud primjećuje da je središnje pitanje u ovom predmetu navodni neuspjeh države da na odgovarajući način uzme u obzir najbolji interes podnositeljica i zaštiti njihova vlasnička prava u navodno nezakonitom i nemoralnom ugovoru o zamjeni nekretnina. Iako je istina da je prema mjerodavnom domaćem pravu preduvjet za takav ugovor odobrenje Centra - što bi također moglo otvoriti pitanje iz perspektive negativnih obveza države (vidi predmet Lazarev, prethodno citiran) - Sud smatra da je u tim okolnostima prikladnije analizirati predmet iz perspektive pozitivnih obveza države, imajući na umu da granice između pozitivnih i negativnih dužnosti države prema članku 1. Protokola br. 1. nije moguće precizno definirati, ali da su primjenjiva načela unatoč tome slična (vidi prethodni stavak 59.).
- Sud primjećuje da je među strankama neosporno da su prije pobijanog ugovora o zamjeni nekretnina podnositeljice zahtjeva bile vlasnice kuće u kojoj su živjele s majkom V.L. i skrbnikom Z.L., koji je otac druge podnositeljice zahtjeva. Kuću su 1997. kupili V.L. i Z.L., iako je vlasništvo od samoga početka upisano na ime obje podnositeljice zahtjeva u jednakim dijelovima (vidi prethodni stavak 8.). Ona je stoga bila vlasništvo podnositeljica zahtjeva koje je zakonski zaštićeno od neopravdanog upletanja ili djelovanja bilo koje treće strane, uključujući roditelje podnositeljica (vidi prethodni stavak 37., članak 48. Ustava Republike Hrvatske; i prethodni stavak 39., članak 265. Obiteljskog zakona).
- Kuća je vila na obali koja se sastoji od dva kata i pripadajućeg dvorišta, a nalazi se u četvrti uz more u P. U vrijeme kada su je podnositeljice stekle, kuća je bila u lošem stanju. Stoga su, osim što su platili 450.000 HRK (približno 60.000 EUR) kao kupoprodajnu cijenu kuće, V.L. i Z.L. uložili dodatna sredstva u iznosu od 80.000 DEM (približno 40.000 EUR) u njezinu renovaciju (vidi prethodne stavke 6. - 8. i 54. - 55.).
- Sud primjećuje da je vlasništvo podnositeljica nad kućom zamijenjeno za vlasništvo nad stanom i garažom u P. Predmetni je stan četverosobni stan na četvrtom katu stambene zgrade u P. (vidi prethodni stavak 13.).Zamjena se odvila na temelju raspolaganja roditelja podnositeljica i odobrenja Centra koji je bio uključen u slučaj zbog činjenice da je u to vrijeme prva podnositeljica imala četrnaest godina, a druga je podnositeljica devet godina, što je značilo da roditelji mogu raspolagati njihovom imovinom samo uz odobrenje Centra (vidi prethodni stavak 39.).
- U vezi s tim, Sud primjećuje složen skup činjeničnih okolnosti u kojima je došlo do sklapanja ugovora o zamjeni nekretnina. Osobito, Sud primjećuje da su se V.L. i Z.L. prvi put obratili Centru 2000. godine kada su tražili njegovo odobrenje za prodaju kuće podnositeljica zahtjeva, no pritom nisu naveli kome niti za koji iznos (vidi prethodni stavak 10.). U međuvremenu, V.L. i Z.L. upali su u financijske poteškoće te je Z.L. uhićen i zadržan u pritvoru do kaznenog postupka zbog pokušaja ubojstva i nezakonitog posjedovanja vatrenog oružja, zbog čega je osuđen na zatvorsku kaznu u trajanju od šest godina (vidi prethodne stavke 11. i 14.).
- Upravo je u tim okolnostima odvjetnik M.I., u svojstvu zakonskog zastupnika V.L., Z.L. i E.B. (oca prve podnositeljice zahtjeva), u listopadu 2001. predao službeni zahtjev Centru kojim se traži odobrenje ugovora o zamjeni nekretnina kojim bi podnositeljice zahtjeva prenijele svoju kuću određenoj D.M., a ona bi prenijela svoje vlasništvo nad stanom podnositeljicama zahtjeva.
- Sud primjećuje da okolnosti u kojima su V.L., Z.L. i E.B. ovlastili M.I. da djeluje u njihovo ime u vezi s ugovorom o zamjeni nekretnina nisu posve jasne. M.I. je bio branitelj Z.L.-a u prethodno spomenutom kaznenom postupku protiv njega, a D.M., druga strana u ugovoru o zamjeni, je punica M.I.-a. Štoviše, punomoći u korist M.I.-a izdane su u svrhu dobivanja odobrenja Centra za neodređeni ugovor o zamjeni nekretnina (vidi prethodni stavak 12.) te se ne čini da je V.L., tijekom ispitivanja u Centru u vezi sa zahtjevom M.I.-a, bila upoznata sa specifičnim pojedinostima predmetnog nacrta ugovora o zamjeni (vidi prethodni stavak 14.). Time ostaje neobjašnjeno odstupanje u njezinoj izjavi što se tiče razlike u vrijednosti između kuće i stana - procijenjena na nekih 100.000 DEM (vidi prethodni stavak 14.) - i iznosa od 10.000 DEM koje je Centar na koncu prihvatio kao iznos koji podnositeljice zahtjeva trebaju primiti (vidi prethodni stavak 17.).
- Jednako je nejasno zašto je Centar, kada je odobrio ugovor o zamjeni, spomenuo i garažu kao dio zamjene nekretnina s obzirom na to da se garaža nije spominjala u nacrtu ugovora o zamjeni koji je predao odvjetnik M.I. (vidi prethodne stavke 13. i 15.) niti je išta u tom smislu spomenula V.L. tijekom ispitivanja u Centru. Štoviše, Centar nije ispitao nijednu drugu stranku koja je imala izravan interes u ugovoru o zamjeni, odnosno Z.L. i E.B., zbog čega se postavlja pitanje jesu li, i u kojoj mjeri, oni bili upoznati sa sadržajem predmetnog ugovora o zamjeni.
- Sud nadalje primjećuje da se u nacrtu ugovora o zamjeni nalazi klauzula koja navodi da su vrijednosti zamijenjenih nekretnina jednake i da se ugovorne strane odriču prava na prigovor da su pretrpjele štetu zbog davanja zamijenjene imovine ispod polovice njezine stvarne vrijednosti. Nacrt ugovora o zamjeni nadopunjen je dokumentom u kojemu njegove stranke priznaju da su V.L. i Z.L. uložili značajna sredstva u kuću i da će D.M. nadoknaditi ta ulaganja u neodređenom iznosu (vidi prethodni stavak 13.).
- Na koncu, nacrt je 16. prosinca 2001. formaliziran kao ugovor o zamjeni kojim su podnositeljice zahtjeva prenijele vlasništvo nad kućom D.M., a ona je prenijela vlasništvo nad stanom i garažom podnositeljicama zahtjeva. Ova inačica ugovora o zamjeni sadrži klauzulu prema kojoj su ugovorne strane suglasne da nema razlike u vrijednosti zamijenjenih nekretnina te da nemaju daljnjih potraživanja po toj osnovi. Vrijednost zamjene nekretnina procijenjena je na približno 400.000 HRK (vidi prethodni stavak 19.). Na temelju ugovora o zamjeni podnositeljice zahtjeva stekle su vlasništvo nad stanom i garažom u zamjenu za vlasništvo nad kućom. Osim toga, svaka od njih primila je 5.000 DEM na ime razlike u vrijednosti između dviju nekretnina (vidi prethodne stavke 17., 20. i 21.).
- U tim okolnostima, pri ocjeni zaštite prava vlasništva podnositeljica zahtjeva na temelju članka 1. Protokola broj 1., stvara se početna zabrinutost u vezi sa stvarnom relativnom vrijednosti zamijenjenih nekretnina (vidi, između ostalog, predmet Lazarev, prethodno citiran). Iako, u načelu, nije na Sudu da preuzima ulogu domaćih sudova i rješava takva pitanja, domaći su sudovi nažalost odbili sve dokaze podnositeljica zahtjeva u parničnom postupku i tako ostavili to pitanje neobjašnjenim (vidi prethodni stavak 25.).
- Sud stoga primjećuje da je među strankama neosporno da su V.L. i Z.L. kupili kuću za 450.000 HRK (približno 60.000 EUR) i da su dodatno uložili približno 80.000 DEM u kuću (približno 40.000 EUR). Ako ništa drugo, to ne objašnjava kako je vrijednost kuće mogla odgovarati vrijednosti stana i garaže - procijenjenih na ukupno oko 400.000 HRK (približno 55.000 EUR; vidi prethodne stavke 19. i 55. - 56.) - i dodatnom iznosu od 10.000 DEM (približno 5.000 EUR).
- Što se tiče Vladina upućivanja na poreznu procjenu nekretnina, Sud primjećuje da se procjena temelji samo na iskazanoj vrijednosti pravnog posla prema ugovoru o zamjeni (vidi prethodni stavak 22.), dok članak 1. Protokola broj 1. zahtijeva procjenu ispod same površine i ispitivanje stvarne situacije (vidi, na primjer, predmet Bistrović, prethodno citiran, § 35.). Slično tome, što se tiče činjenice da Centar nije poduzeo nikakve radnje za procjenu stvarnih okolnosti zamjene nekretnina (vidi stavak 79. u nastavku), Sud ne može prihvatiti tvrdnju Vlade da stan ne zahtijeva dodatna ulaganja ili renovaciju te da je u boljem stanju nego kuća. U tim okolnostima, budući da ugovor o zamjeni nekretnina na prvi pogled otvara pitanje jednakosti koje domaće vlasti nisu objasnile, teško je prikloniti se tvrdnji o jednakoj vrijednosti zamijenjenih nekretnina.
- U svjetlu prethodno navedenoga, s obzirom na to da su prema mjerodavnom domaćem (vidi prethodni stavak 39.; članak 265. Obiteljskog zakona) i međunarodnom pravu (vidi prethodni stavak 62.) podnositeljice zahtjeva, kao djeca, opravdano mogle očekivati da će domaća nadležna tijela poduzeti mjere kako bi zaštitila njihova prava, Sud mora ocijeniti jesu li tijela državne vlasti poduzela potrebne mjere za zaštitu njihovih vlasničkih interesa u slučaju otuđenja njihove imovine (vidi predmet Lazarev, prethodno citiran). Stoga će, s obzirom na načelo da najbolji interes djeteta mora biti od primarnog značaja (vidi prethodne stavke 42. i 62.), ocijeniti radnje koje je poduzeo Centar i način na koji su nadležni domaći sudovi pristupili pitanju nakon što im je na njega skrenuta pozornost.
- Što se tiče postupanja Centra, Sud primjećuje da je nakon zahtjeva M.I.-a za odobrenje ugovora o zamjeni jedina radnja koju je Centar poduzeo u ocjenjivanju okolnosti slučaja bilo ispitivanje V.L. (vidi prethodni stavak 14.). Nitko od ostalih skrbnika nije ispitan niti obaviješten o nacrtu ugovora o zamjeni iako Vlada ni u kojem trenutku nije dala naslutiti da nije bilo moguće organizirati njihovo ispitivanje.
- Štoviše, Centar nije poduzeo nikakvu radnju za procjenu stvarnog stanja ili vrijednosti nekretnina, što bi razumno bilo očekivano s obzirom na stvarnost okolnosti zamjene nekretnina i dostupne informacije. Osobito, Centar je bio obaviješten o kupoprodajnoj cijeni kuće i dodatnim ulaganjima roditelja podnositeljica zahtjeva u njezinu renovaciju, što je, kako je prethodno navedeno, iznosilo približno 100.000 EUR sve zajedno (vidi prethodni stavak 66.). Unatoč tom saznanju, bez provođenja daljnjih procjena, primjerice očevidom ili vještačenjem, Centar je prihvatio da je ukupnu vrijednost kuće moguće procijeniti te da se zamjena može izvršiti po vrijednosti od približno 60.000 EUR sve zajedno (400.000 EUR i 10.000 DEM; vidi prethodni stavak 75.).
- Sud stoga nije uvjeren da je Centar pristupio posebnoj obiteljskoj situaciji podnositeljica zahtjeva s dužnom pažnjom, u smislu procjene jesu li njihovi vlasnički interesi bili na odgovarajući način zaštićeni od zlonamjernih i/ili nesavjesnih radnji njihovih roditelja (vidi predmet Lazarev, prethodno citiran). Osobito, Centar je imao saznanja da je Z.L. bio u pritvoru i da je osuđen za ozbiljne optužbe u kaznenom postupku te da je V.L. imala financijskih problema, što ih je moglo potaknuti da poduzmu nepromišljene radnje na štetu imovine podnositeljica zahtjeva.
- U vezi s tim, Sud primjećuje da je V.L. prilikom ispitivanja u Centru navela lošu financijsku situaciju svoje obitelji koja je navodno utjecala na odgoj podnositeljica zahtjeva i njihov uspjeh u školi. Iako bi to bio važan aspekt u ocjeni cjelokupne situacije u kojoj je došlo do pobijanog ugovora o zamjeni nekretnina, Sud primjećuje da Centar nije poduzeo nikakve daljnje mjere da bi provjerio ili ocijenio tvrdnje V.L. o njezinoj financijskoj situaciji niti je ispitao Z.L. ili se savjetovao s relevantnim nadležnim tijelima u vezi s njihovom situacijom. Tako, primjerice, nije provjerio uspjeh podnositeljica zahtjeva u školi niti je ispitao podnositeljice zahtjeva iako je u to vrijeme prva podnositeljica zahtjeva imala četrnaest godina i mogla je pružili relevantne informacije u vezi sa situacijom svoje obitelji.
- Štoviše, Centar uopće nije razmotrio bi li, u posebnim okolnostima slučaja, trebao biti imenovan posebni skrbnik koji bi nepristrano i neovisno mogao štititi interese podnositeljica zahtjeva protiv svih uključenih u pobijani ugovor o zamjeni, uključujući njihove roditelje (vidi prethodni stavak 39.; članak 192. Obiteljskog zakona).
- U tim okolnostima Sud smatra da Centar nije primjereno ocijenio obiteljsku situaciju podnositeljica zahtjeva i mogući štetni učinak pobijanog ugovora o zamjeni nekretnina na njihova prava. Stoga nije procijenio jesu li okolnosti ugovora o zamjeni nekretnina bile u skladu s načelom najboljeg interesa djeteta u konkretnom slučaju podnositeljica zahtjeva.
- Što se tiče parničnog postupka pred nadležnim sudovima na kojima su podnositeljice zahtjeva osporile valjanost ugovora o zamjeni nekretnina, Sud najprije primjećuje da je postupovni položaj podnositeljica zahtjeva, kao maloljetnica, u upravnom postupku pred Centrom bio u potpunosti u rukama njihovih zakonskih zastupnika, V.L. i Z.L., koje je predstavljao M.I., odvjetnik u sukobu interesa. Podnositeljice zahtjeva stoga nisu samostalno mogle poduzeti nikakve postupovne radnje, kao što je osporavanje odluke Centra kojom se odobrava ugovor o zamjeni (usporedi s predmetom Zehentner, prethodno citiran, § 76.) niti su nadležna tijela imenovala skrbnika ad litem koji bi neovisno štitio interese podnositeljica zahtjeva od svih uključenih u ugovor o zamjeni.
- U tim okolnostima, parnični postupak koji su pokrenule zastupane podnositeljice zahtjeva bio je jedino sredstvo kojim su okolnosti zamjene nekretnina mogle biti podvrgnute detaljnom ispitivanju. Unatoč tome, čak je i ta mogućnost ostala u rukama njihovih zakonskih zastupnika barem dok jedna od podnositeljica zahtjeva nije postala punoljetna i tako mogla sama poduzimati pravne radnje, podnošenjem revizije pred Vrhovnim sudom Republike Hrvatske 2007. godine (vidi prethodni stavak 29.).
- Međutim, građanski sudovi nisu prepoznali specifične okolnosti predmeta i odbacili su tužbu isključivo na temelju činjenice da odluka Centra kojom se odobrava ugovor o zamjeni nije bila osporena u upravnom postupku (vidi prethodne stavke 25. - 26. i 28. 31.). Građanski su sudovi tako zanemarili položaj podnositeljica zahtjeva u upravnom postupku (vidi prethodni stavak 83.); dokaze koji se odnose na sukob interesa odvjetnika M.I. kao i obiteljske okolnosti podnositeljica, i to, ovisnost V.L. i njezine financijske probleme koji su u trenutku parničkog postupka već bili otkriveni; i kaznenu osudu Z.L.-a u razdoblju koje je vodilo prema sklapanju ugovora o zamjeni. Također su zanemarili navode o neuspjehu Centra da zaštiti najbolji interes podnositeljica zahtjeva u vezi sa sklapanjem ugovora o zamjeni.
- Po mišljenju Suda, svi navodi koji se odnose na ugovor o zamjeni - ako ništa drugo - otvaraju pitanje sukladnosti s relevantnom ustavnom obvezom države da štiti djecu (vidi stavak 37., članak 63. i 65. Ustava), a kao rezultat toga građanski sudovi trebaju pažljivo ispitati navode (vidi stavak 38., članak 103. i 110. Zakona o obveznim odnosima) u skladu s načelom najboljeg interesa za dijete (vidi prethodni stavak 43.).
- Posljedično, Sud ne vidi relevantnost u pozivanju građanskih sudova na mogućnost podnositeljica zahtjeva da tvrde da je ugovor o zamjeni možda samo pobojan - na što se pozvala i Vlada (vidi prethodne stavke 26. i 51.) - s obzirom na to da podnositeljice zahtjeva, kao maloljetnice, nisu mogle samostalno uložiti takav tužbeni zahtjev u relevantnom zakonski propisanom roku od jedne godine nakon sklapanja ugovora o zamjeni (vidi prethodni stavak 38.; članak 111. i 139. Zakona o obveznim odnosima; i usporedi s predmetom Stagno protiv Belgije, br. 1062/07, §§ 32. - 33., 7. srpnja 2009.). Sud stoga odbija prethodni prigovor Vlade koji se odnosi na neiscrpljivanje domaćih pravnih sredstava (vidi prethodni stavak 53.).
- Uzimajući u obzir prethodno navedeno, Sud smatra da domaće vlasti nisu poduzele potrebne mjere za zaštitu vlasničkih interesa podnositeljica zahtjeva, kao djece, u pobijanom ugovoru o zamjeni nekretnina i za pružanje razumne mogućnosti da učinkovito ospore mjere koje ometaju njihova prava zajamčena člankom 1. Protokola broj 1.
- Stoga je došlo do povrede članka 1. Protokola br. 1. uz Konvenciju.
II PRIMJENA ČLANKA 41. KONVENCIJE
- Člankom 41. Konvencije propisano je:
„Ako Sud utvrdi da je došlo do povrede Konvencije i dodatnih protokola, a unutarnje pravo zainteresirane visoke ugovorne stranke omogućava samo djelomičnu odštetu, Sud će, prema potrebi, dodijeliti pravednu naknadu povrijeđenoj stranci.”
- U svojem početnom zahtjevu podnositeljice su tražile da Sud naloži restitutio in integrum i potraživale su iznos od „najmanje” 300.000 eura (EUR) za naknadu materijalne štete. Nisu tražile troškove i izdatke.
- Vlada je osporila taj zahtjev.
- Sud smatra da pitanje primjene članka 41., što se tiče materijalne štete, nije spremno za odluku (Pravilo 75. § 1. Poslovnika Suda). Sukladno tome, Sud odlaže donošenje odluke o tom pitanju i daljnji postupak i poziva Vladu i podnositeljice zahtjeva da, u roku od tri mjeseca od datuma na koji presuda postane pravomoćna u skladu s člankom 44. § 2. Konvencije, dostave svoje očitovanje o tom pitanju i, osobito, da ga obavijeste o bilo kakvom dogovoru koji eventualno postignu.
IZ TIH RAZLOGA SUD JEDNOGLASNO
- Odlučuje spojiti razmatranje prigovora Vlade o iscrpljivanju svih domaćih pravnih sredstava s pitanjem osnovanosti zahtjeva i taj prigovor odbija;
- Utvrđuje da je zahtjev dopušten;
- Presuđuje da je došlo do povrede članka 1. Protokola br. 1. uz Konvenciju;
- Presuđuje da pitanje primjene članka 41., što se tiče potraživanja za naknadu materijalne štete, nije spremno za odluku; u skladu s time,
(a) odlaže navedeno pitanje;
(b) poziva Vladu i podnositeljice zahtjeva da, u roku od tri mjeseca od datuma na koji presuda postane pravomoćna u skladu s člankom 44. § 2. Konvencije, dostave svoje očitovanje o tom pitanju i da obavijeste Sud o bilo kakvom dogovoru koji eventualno postignu;
(c) odlaže daljnji postupak i daje Predsjedniku Vijeća ovlasti da po potrebi odredi datum postupka.
Sastavljeno na engleskom jeziku i otpravljeno u pisanom obliku dana 7. svibnja 2015. u skladu s pravilom 77. §§ 2. i 3. Poslovnika Suda.
Søren Nielsen Isabelle Berro
Tajnik Predsjednica
_____________________________________________________
Prevod presude preuzet sa stranice Zastupnika Republike Hrvatske pred Evropskim sudom za ljudska prava
https://uredzastupnika.gov.hr/
FIRST SECTION
CASE OF S.L. AND J.L. v. CROATIA
(Application no. 13712/11)
JUDGMENT
(Merits)
STRASBOURG
7 May 2015
FINAL
19/10/2015
This judgment has become final under Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of S.L. and J.L. v. Croatia, The European Court of Human Rights (First Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
Isabelle Berro, President,
Elisabeth Steiner,
Paulo Pinto de Albuquerque,
Linos-Alexandre Sicilianos,
Erik Møse,
Ksenija Turković,
Dmitry Dedov, judges,
and Søren Nielsen, Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 14 April 2015, Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
-
The case originated in an application (no. 13712/11) against the Republic of Croatia lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by the Croatian nationals, Ms S.L. and Ms J.L. (“the applicants”), on 7 January 2011.
-
The applicants were represented by Ms L. Štok, a lawyer practising in P. The Croatian Government (“the Government”) were represented by their Agent, Ms Š. Stažnik.
-
The applicants alleged a violation of their property rights under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.
-
On 21 October 2013 the application was communicated to the Government.
THE FACTS
-
THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
-
The applicants are sisters who were born in 1987 and 1992 respectively and live in P.
A. Background to the case
-
In June 1997 the applicants, represented by their mother V.L., concluded a real estate agreement with B.P. in which they expressed their intention of buying a villa of 87 square metres and the adjacent courtyard of 624 square metres in V., a seaside neighbourhood of P. (hereinafter: the “house”). The agreement stated that the house was in poor condition as certain individuals had lived there for several years without any legal basis and had ruined the furniture and installations.
-
The agreement was formalised in a real estate purchase contract of 17 December 1997 by which the applicants acquired ownership of the house for an amount of 450,000 Croatian kunas (HRK).
-
On 26 November 1999 the applicants registered their ownership of the house and the plot of land in the land register in equal shares.
B. The real estate swap agreement
-
On an unspecified date V.L. requested from the relevant Social Welfare Centre (hereinafter: the “Centre”) the authorisation to sell the house owned by the applicants, such authorisation being required under the relevant domestic law in cases where a parent wishes to dispose of a child’s property (see paragraph 39 below).
-
As a result of that request, on 10 April 2000 V.L. and her husband Z.L. (the father of the second applicant) were interviewed at the Centre. They stated that they had bought the house in 1997 for HRK 450,000 and that they had already spent approximately 80,000 Deutsche marks (DEM) renovating it. However, the house required some further investment for which they lacked the necessary means and thus they intended to sell it and to live with one of their parents. They further explained that they owned a retail business and that they had no problems with their children, who both had excellent marks at school. V.L. and Z.L. also promised that they would open a bank account on behalf of their children, into which they would deposit the money from the sale of the house. They pointed out that they had contacted a real estate agency, which was looking for a potential buyer. They also agreed that V.L. would conclude the sale contract once they had managed to find a buyer.
-
In February 2001 Z.L. was arrested and held in detention in connection with a suspected attempted murder and the unlawful possession of firearms. He was later indicted on the same charges in the P. County Court (Županijski sud u P.), which on 10 October 2001 found him guilty and sentenced him to six years’ imprisonment. During the criminal proceedings his defence lawyer was M.I, a lawyer practising in P.
-
On 15 October 2001 M.I. submitted a request to the Centre seeking authorisation for a real estate swap agreement between the applicants and a certain D.M., who was in fact M.I.’s mother-in-law. He provided powers of attorney signed by V.L., Z.L. and E.B. (the father of the first applicant) authorising him to obtain the Centre’s consent to a swap real estate agreement.
-
Together with his request, M.I. provided a draft swap agreement stipulating that D.M. would transfer to the applicants her four-room flat of
78.27 square metres, situated on the fourth floor of a residential building in P. (hereinafter: the “flat”), while the applicants would transfer their ownership of the house to D.M. The draft swap agreement also stated that the values of the properties to be exchanged were the same and that the parties waived their right to object that they had sustained damage as a result of giving the exchanged property away at below half of its real value. M.I. also submitted another document, a supplement to the swap agreement, in which the parties to that agreement acknowledged that V.L. and Z.L. had invested significant sums of money in the house and that, on the basis of the amounts shown on certain available invoices, D.M. would compensate them for those investments.
-
L. was invited to the Centre for an interview on 23 October 2001 in connection with M.I.’s request. She stated that her husband had meanwhile been imprisoned and that their retail business had started to go badly, leading her to close it in August 2001. She also explained that she was unemployed and that this situation had affected the applicants, who were no longer doing so well at school. She further stated that she had been obliged to borrow money to pay the bills for the house and that the overall situation had prompted her and Z.L. to exchange the house for a flat in P. with the additional obligation on the part of the flat-owner to pay them the difference in value between the two properties, amounting to some 100,000 DEM according to her estimate. Lastly, V.L. pointed out that E.B., the father of the first applicant, had given his consent to the swap agreement. She also undertook to register the ownership of the flat in the applicants’ names.
-
On 13 November 2001 the Centre gave its authorisation for the swap agreement, whereby the applicants would transfer their ownership of the house to D.M. while the latter would transfer her ownership of the flat and a garage to the applicants. The decision drafted by the Centre specified that V.L. was obliged to provide the Centre with a copy of the swap agreement.
-
In its statement of reasons behind the decision, the Centre pointed out that it had taken note of the powers of attorney provided to M.I. by the applicants’ parents, V.L.’s statement of 23 October 2001, birth certificates for the applicants and land registry certificates for the properties, and the draft swap agreement. It had also noted the fact that Z.L. had been convicted at first-instance of the offence of attempted murder and unlawful possession of firearms. Based on this information, the Centre concluded that the swap agreement was not contrary to the best interests of the applicants since their property rights would not be extinguished or reduced as they would become the owners of a flat which would provide fully suitable living accommodation.
-
On the same day, the Centre gave its authorisation for the supplementary document to the swap agreement by virtue of which D.M. would pay the applicants 5,000 DEM each on account of the difference in value between the exchanged properties. As a condition of this decision, V.L. was obliged to provide the Centre with a bank statement attesting that the payment had been made. In its statement of reasons, the Centre referred to a request made by V.L. for the conclusion of a supplement to the swap agreement and the statement she had given to the Centre. The Centre also found that this would not be contrary to the interests of the applicants.
-
The above two decisions issued by the Centre on 13 November 2001 were forwarded to the lawyer M.I.
-
On 16 December 2001 the applicants, represented by V.L., concluded the real estate swap agreement with D.M. before a Public Notary in P., and the applicants thereby transferred their ownership of the house to D.M. while the latter transferred her ownership of the flat and the garage to the applicants. The swap agreement contained a clause under which the parties agreed that there was no difference in the value of the exchanged properties, and that they had no further claims on that account. It also set down the value of the properties at some HRK 400,000.
-
Based on this contract, the applicants and D.M. duly registered their ownership of the properties with the land registry.
-
On 28 December 2001 lawyer M.I. submitted to the Centre a certificate from the land registry showing that the applicants had registered their ownership of the flat and bank statements showing that they had received the amount of 5,000 DEM each.
-
On 2 and 12 March 2002 the P. Tax Office (Ministarstvo financija, Porezna uprava) declared a tax obligation of HRK 20,000 for each of the parties ‒ based on the declared value of the transaction involved in the swap agreement ‒ which was divided by half in respect of the applicants, who were thus obliged to pay HRK 10,000 each.
C. The applicants’ civil proceedings
-
On 17 November 2004 the applicants, represented by Z.L. as their legal guardian, brought an action against D.M.in the P. Municipal Court (Općinski sud u P.), asking the court to declare the swap agreement null and void (ništav).
-
During the proceedings the applicants argued that the swap agreement had effected the exchange of the ownership of the house ‒ which comprised two flats, each measuring 87 square metres, was only five minutes’ walk from the sea and was worth approximately 300,000 euros (EUR) ‒ for a flat and a garage worth in total no more than EUR 70,000. Given that at the time when the contract was concluded they were only fourteen and nine years old, the Centre should have defended their rights and should not have given its consent to a swap agreement of that kind. In this respect they pointed out that section 265 § 1 of the Family Act listed specific instances in which the property of a minor could be disposed of, and that no such instance had existed in their case. Moreover, the Centre had failed to carry out an on-site inspection or to commission an expert report which would have allowed it to estimate the value of the house and adopt a proper decision concerning the request for authorisation of the swap agreement. The applicants therefore considered that, by failing to take such vital measures, the Centre had allowed an unlawful and immoral property exchange to be executed. In their view, this had resulted in ab initio invalidity of the exchange. The applicants also pointed out that their legal guardian Z.L. had not been party to the discussions concerning the swap agreement. They therefore proposed that the trial court examine several witnesses, including the participants to the swap agreement, the employees of the Centre, the first applicant ‒ who was by that time already seventeen years old ‒ and several other witnesses who were aware of the circumstances of the case, and commission an expert report establishing the value of the properties.
-
On 1 March 2005 the P. Municipal Court dismissed the applicants’ request to take any of the proposed evidence on the grounds that the case could be decided on the basis of the documents from the case file.
-
On 15 April 2005 the P. Municipal Court dismissed the applicants’ civil action. It argued that it was not in a position to re-examine the Centre’s decision to authorise the swap agreement, since that was an administrative decision which could only have been challenged in administrative proceedings. Thus, given that such a decision existed, the P. Municipal Court could not find the swap agreement to be unlawful or contrary to the morals of society. It also pointed out that the swap agreement could possibly be only a voidable contract (pobojan) but no claim to that effect had been made by the applicants.
-
The applicants challenged that judgment by means of an appeal lodged before the P. County Court, arguing that the first-instance court had failed to examine any of their arguments and had thus erred in its decision concerning the validity of the swap agreement.
-
On 19 March 2007 the P. County Court dismissed the applicants’ appeal as ill-founded, endorsing the reasoning of the first-instance court.
-
The applicants then lodged an appeal on points of law before the Supreme Court (Vrhovni sud Republike Hrvatske) on 8 June 2007. The second applicant was represented by V.L., and the first applicant, having in the meantime reached the age of majority, was able to conduct the legal action herself.
-
In their appeal on points of law the applicants argued, inter alia, that the P. Municipal Court had failed to examine any of the relevant evidence and had incorrectly assessed the circumstances of the case. In particular, it had failed to take into account that the Centre had negligently allowed the swap agreement to be concluded without taking into account the value of the properties and the nature of their family circumstances at the time, namely the fact that Z.L. was in detention and that V.L. was known as a person with a problem of drug abuse.
-
On 19 December 2007 the Supreme Court dismissed the applicants’ appeal on points of law as ill-founded and endorsed the decisions of the lower courts, which found that the civil courts were not in a position to reexamine the Centre’s final administrative decision allowing the conclusion of the swap agreement. Moreover, it did not appear to the Supreme Court that the Centre had failed in its protection of the best interests of the applicants.
-
The applicants then lodged a constitutional complaint before the Constitutional Court (Ustavni sud Republike Hrvatske) reiterating their previous arguments before the lower courts. The second applicant was represented by V.L.
-
On 9 June 2010 the Constitutional Court declared the applicants’ constitutional complaint inadmissible as manifestly ill-founded.
D. Other relevant information
-
A report by the Ministry of Social Policy and Youth (Ministarstvo socijalne politike i mladih) of 30 January 2014 submitted to the Court suggests that the Centre was not aware of V.L.’s drug abuse problem nor had it been alerted concerning M.I.’s conflict of interest.
-
According to a report by the Ministry of Health (Ministarstvo zdravlja) of 7 February 2014, V.L. started her drug addiction therapy on 12 December 2003 and terminated it in 2004. She then started again in 2007 and she was still undergoing therapy at the present time.
-
The information available from the e-land registry concerning property in Croatia shows that the house and the land on which it is located measure 225 square metres with an adjacent courtyard of 476 square metres, all of which is registered in the name of D.M. as owner.
RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
Relevant domestic law
1. Constitution
-
The relevant provision of the Constitution of the Republic of Croatia (Ustav Republike Hrvatske, Official Gazette nos. 56/1990, 135/1997, 8/1998 (consolidated text), 113/2000, 124/2000 (consolidated text), 28/2001 and 41/2001 (consolidated text), 55/2001 (corrigendum), 76/2010, 85/2010, 05/2014) reads:
Article 48
“The right of ownership shall be guaranteed ...“
Article 63
“The State shall protect ... children and youth ...”
Article 65
“Everyone shall have the duty to protect the children ...”
2. Civil Obligations Act
-
The relevant provisions of the Civil Obligations Act (Zakon o obveznim odnosima, Official Gazette nos. 53/1991, 73/1991, 111/1993, 3/1994, 7/1996, 91/1996 and 112/1999) provide:
Permissible [legal] basis Section 51
“(1) Each contractual obligation shall have a permissible [legal] basis [causa].
(2) A basis is not permissible if it contravenes the Constitution, fundamental principles of law, or morals.
...”
Contract null and void on grounds of its [legal] basis Section 52
“Where there is no [legal] basis [for a contract] or where its [basis] is not permissible, the contract is null and void.”
Nullity Section 103
“A contract which is contrary to the Constitution, fundamental principles of law, or morals is null and void, unless there is some other [applicable] sanction or the law provides differently in a particular case.”
Unlimited right to plead nullity Section 110
“The right to plead nullity shall be inextinguishable.”
Voidable contract Section 111
“A contract shall be voidable where one of its parties lacked legal capacity, where it was concluded on the basis of misconceptions, or where so provided under this Act or other special legislation.”
Termination of the right Section 117
“(1) The right to claim that a contract is voidable shall lapse one year after it was learned that there are reasons making it voidable ...
(2) In any case, that right shall lapse three years after conclusion of the contract.”
Obvious disproportionality in amount given Section 139
“(1) If at the time of the conclusion of the contract there was an obvious disproportionality in the amount given, the damaged party may claim that the contract is voidable if that party did not know, or had no reason to know, of its real value.
3. Family Act
-
The relevant part of the Family Act (Obiteljski zakon, Official Gazette no. 162/1998), as in force at the relevant time, provided:
Section 121
“(1) Legal capacity shall be obtained by the individual’s coming of age or by the conclusion of a marriage before legal adulthood.
(2) A person who is eighteen years old is legally an adult.
...”
Section 192
“A special guardian shall be appointed to a child who is in the care of [biological] or adoptive parents, in the event of a dispute between the child and the parents, for the purposes of concluding a contract between them, and in other cases where the interest of the child runs contrary to the interest of the parents.”
Section 265
“(1) Subject to the consent of the competent Social Welfare Centre, parents may dispose of or encumber the property of a child who is a minor for the purposes of the child’s maintenance, medical treatment, upbringing, schooling, education or other important needs.
(2) The consent of the Social Welfare Centre is also necessary for the taking of certain procedural actions before the court or another state body concerning the child’s property.”
4. Real Estate Transfer Tax Act
-
The relevant provision of the Real Estate Transfer Tax Act (Zakon o porezu na promet nekretnina, Official Gazette no. 69/1997) provides:
Section 9
“(1) The tax basis for a real estate transaction is the market value of the real estate at the moment of its acquisition.
(2) The market value of the real estate is considered to be the value which the real estate has or could have on the market at the time of its acquisition. The market value of the real estate shall be established, in principle, on the basis of the document of acquisition.
...”
5. Civil Procedure Act
-
The relevant part of the Civil Procedure Act (Official Gazette nos. 53/1991, 91/1992, 58/1993, 112/1999, 88/2001, 117/2003, 88/2005, 2/2007, 84/2008, 123/2008, 57/2011, 148/2011, 25/2013 and 89/2014) provides:
Section 428a
“(1) When the European Court of Human Rights has found a violation of a human right or fundamental freedom guaranteed by the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms or additional protocols thereto ratified by the Republic of Croatia, a party may, within thirty days of the judgment of the European Court of Human Rights becoming final, file a petition with the court in the Republic of Croatia which adjudicated in the first instance in the proceedings in which the decision violating the human right or fundamental freedom was rendered, to set aside the decision by which the human right or fundamental freedom was violated.
-
The proceedings referred to in paragraph 1 of this section shall be conducted by applying, mutatis mutandis, the provisions on the reopening of proceedings.
-
In the reopened proceedings the courts are required to respect the legal opinions expressed in the final judgment of the European Court of Human Rights finding a violation of a fundamental human right or freedom.”
-
Relevant international law
1. Convention on the Rights of the Child
-
The relevant provision of the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child of 20 November 1989, which came into force in respect of Croatia on 8 October 1991 (Official Gazette – International Agreements no. 12/1993), provides:
Article 3
“1. In all actions concerning children, whether undertaken by public or private social welfare institutions, courts of law, administrative authorities or legislative bodies, the best interests of the child shall be a primary consideration.
...”
-
The Committee on the Rights of the Child has recently explained the content of this obligation in its “General comment No. 14 (2013) on the right of the child to have his or her best interests taken as a primary consideration (art. 3, para. 1)” (CRC/C/GC/14, 29 May 2013) in the following terms:
“A. The best interests of the child: a right, a principle and a rule of procedure
-
Article 3, paragraph 1, of the Convention on the Rights of the Child gives the child the right to have his or her best interests assessed and taken into account as a primary consideration in all actions or decisions that concern him or her, both in the public and private sphere. Moreover, it expresses one of the fundamental values of the Convention. The Committee on the Rights of the Child (the Committee) has identified article 3, paragraph 1, as one of the four general principles of the Convention for interpreting and implementing all the rights of the child, and applies it is a dynamic concept that requires an assessment appropriate to the specific context.
...
-
The concept of the child’s best interests is aimed at ensuring both the full and effective enjoyment of all the rights recognized in the Convention and the holistic development of the child. The Committee has already pointed out that “an adult’s judgment of a child’s best interests cannot override the obligation to respect all the child’s rights under the Convention.” It recalls that there is no hierarchy of rights in the Convention; all the rights provided for therein are in the “child’s best interests” and no right could be compromised by a negative interpretation of the child’s best interests.
-
The Committee underlines that the child’s best interests is a threefold concept:
-
A substantive right: The right of the child to have his or her best interests assessed and taken as a primary consideration when different interests are being considered in order to reach a decision on the issue at stake, and the guarantee that this right will be implemented whenever a decision is to be made concerning a child, a group of identified or unidentified children or children in general. Article 3, paragraph 1, creates an intrinsic obligation for States, is directly applicable (selfexecuting) and can be invoked before a court.
-
A fundamental, interpretative legal principle: If a legal provision is open to more than one interpretation, the interpretation which most effectively serves the child’s best interests should be chosen. The rights enshrined in the Convention and its Optional Protocols provide the framework for interpretation.
-
A rule of procedure: Whenever a decision is to be made that will affect a specific child, an identified group of children or children in general, the decisionmaking process must include an evaluation of the possible impact (positive or negative) of the decision on the child or children concerned. Assessing and determining the best interests of the child require procedural guarantees. Furthermore, the justification of a decision must show that the right has been explicitly taken into account. In this regard, States parties shall explain how the right has been respected in the decision, that is, what has been considered to be in the child’s best interests; what criteria it is based on; and how the child’s interests have been weighed against other considerations, be they broad issues of policy or individual cases.
...
III. Nature and scope of the obligations of States parties
-
Each State party must respect and implement the right of the child to have his or her best interests assessed and taken as a primary consideration, and is under the obligation to take all necessary, deliberate and concrete measures for the full implementation of this right.
-
Article 3, paragraph 1, establishes a framework with three different types of obligations for States parties:
-
The obligation to ensure that the child’s best interests are appropriately integrated and consistently applied in every action taken by a public institution, especially in all implementation measures, administrative and judicial proceedings which directly or indirectly impact on children;
-
The obligation to ensure that all judicial and administrative decisions as well as policies and legislation concerning children demonstrate that the child’s best interests have been a primary consideration. This includes describing how the best interests have been examined and assessed, and what weight has been ascribed to them in the decision.
-
The obligation to ensure that the interests of the child have been assessed and taken as a primary consideration in decisions and actions taken by the private sector, including those providing services, or any other private entity or institution making decisions that concern or impact on a child.”
2. Charter of Fundamental Rights
-
The Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union
(2010/C 83/02) in its relevant part provides:
Article 24 The rights of the child
“...
(2) In all actions relating to children, whether taken by public authorities or private institutions, the child’s best interests must be a primary consideration.
...”
THE LAW
-
ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 1 OF PROTOCOL No. 1 TO THE CONVENTION
-
The applicants complained about the failure of the State to protect their property interests in the alleged unlawful and immoral real estate swap agreement. They relied on Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, which reads:
“Every natural or legal person is entitled to the peaceful enjoyment of his possessions. No one shall be deprived of his possessions except in the public interest and subject to the conditions provided for by law and by the general principles of international law.
The preceding provisions shall not, however, in any way impair the right of a State to enforce such laws as it deems necessary to control the use of property in accordance with the general interest or to secure the payment of taxes or other contributions or penalties.”
-
Admissibility
1. Abuse of the right of individual application
(a) The parties’ arguments
-
The Government submitted that in the applicants’ initial application to the Court the latter had stated that the house measured 174 square metres, whereas in fact it measured only half that, namely 87 square metres. They had also failed to disclose that they had received the additional payment of 10,000 DEM corresponding to their parents’ investment in the house, and had falsely stated that V.L. had been a registered drug addict at the time relevant to the events. In the Government’s view, all these facts had been relevant to the case and, by failing to disclose them correctly, the applicants had therefore abused their right of individual application.
-
The applicants maintained their complaints, explaining, in particular, that the house in fact consisted of two floors and that the ground floor measured approximately 80 square metres. Thus, the Government’s reference to 87 square metres applied only in relation to the ground plan but not the overall surface area of the house, which they considered to be relevant. They also pointed out that this could have been seen from the changes to that effect in the land register.
(b) The Court’s assessment
-
The notion of “abuse”, within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention, must be understood as any conduct on the part of the applicant that is manifestly contrary to the purpose of the right of individual application as provided for in the Convention and which impedes the proper functioning of the Court or the proper conduct of the proceedings before it (see Miroļubovs and Others v. Latvia, no. 798/05, §§ 62 and 65, 15 September 2009). An application may exceptionally be rejected on that ground if, among other things, it is knowingly based on untrue facts (see, as a recent example, A. v. Cyprus (dec.), no. 41816/10, §§ 39, 40, 42 and 43, 25 March 2014; and Gross v. Switzerland [GC], no. 67810/10, § 28, ECHR 2014), the most egregious example being applications based on forged documents (see, for instance, Jian v. Romania (dec.), no. 46640/99, 30 March 2004; Bagheri and Maliki v. the Netherlands (dec.), no. 30164/06, 15 May 2007; and Poznanski and Others v. Germany (dec.), no. 25101/05, 3 July 2007). However, any deliberate attempt to mislead the Court must be established with sufficient certainty (see, amongst many others, Gross, cited above, § 28).
-
In the case at issue the Court does not take the view that the applicants deliberately provided false information concerning the surface area of the house or the receipt of the additional payment, since this information was apparent from the documents available to the Court. In any event it forms part of the dispute between the parties as to whether or not there has been a breach of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 in relation to the swap agreement. As such, it can be the subject of the parties’ arguments and counter-arguments, which the Court can accept or reject, but cannot in itself be regarded as an abuse of the right of individual application (see Udovičić v. Croatia, no. 27310/09, § 125, 24 April 2014; and Harakchiev and Tolumov Bulgaria, nos. 15018/11 and 61199/12, § 185, 8 July 2014). This is also true in respect of the changes in the land register concerning the surface area of the property (see paragraph 36 above). Similarly, the Court notes that the question of whether V.L.’s drug abuse problem was known to the Centre is another contentious issue which had already been argued at the domestic level, and in any event does not appear central to the case (see paragraphs 30 and 32 above). Accordingly, irrespective of whether or not she had been registered as a drug addict in a particular database of the competent authorities, it cannot be said that the applicants abused their right of individual application by pursuing those arguments before the Court.
-
The Government’s objection should thus be rejected.
2. Non-exhaustion of domestic remedies
(a) The parties’ arguments
-
The Government pointed out that the applicants’ guardians, namely their parents, had failed to challenge on behalf of their children the Centre’s decision authorising the swap agreement, which they could have done through the available administrative remedies, thereby raising all their complaints concerning the aforementioned agreement. The decision authorising the swap agreement had been duly served on their representative and they had therefore been at liberty to challenge it before the competent bodies. Moreover, the applicants’ parents had failed to lodge a civil claim in order to establish that the swap agreement was voidable, as provided under Article 139 of the Civil Obligations Act. Instead, they had erroneously lodged a civil action asking for the swap agreement to be declared null and void, which had prevented the domestic courts ‒ which held that the claim was ill-founded ‒ to reclassify their action as a claim under Article 139 of the Civil Obligations Act. In the Government’s view, their capacity for using such remedies had perhaps been hampered by the fact that Z.L. had been in detention at the time, but that could not explain his failure to undertake the necessary inquiries and actions concerning the swap agreement, or the failure of V.L. and E.B. to challenge the Centre’s decision and the conclusion of the swap agreement, as provided under the relevant domestic law.
-
The applicants considered that they had properly exhausted the domestic remedies, and maintained that it had been incumbent on the Centre to protect their interests in relation to the conclusion of the swap agreement, which it had failed to do. In particular, it had been impossible for them to lodge a complaint concerning the Centre’s decision authorising the swap agreement when the decision had been served exclusively on M.I., whose conflict of interest meant that he had no reason to complain about the aforementioned decision.
(b) The Court’s assessment
-
The Court considers that the question of the exhaustion of domestic remedies as argued by the parties should be joined to the merits, since it is closely linked to the substance of the applicants’ complaints.
3. Conclusion
-
The Court notes that the application is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 (a) of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.
-
Merits
1. The parties’ arguments
- The applicants contended that it had been self-evident that the house had a significantly higher value than the flat which they had received from D.M. on the basis of the real estate swap agreement. They explained that the amount of HRK 450,000 (approximately EUR 60,000), for which their parents had bought the house, had not corresponded to its real value as they had bought it in 1997 ‒ in circumstances of post-war uncertainty ‒ from its previous owners, who had left Croatia and were living in Belgrade at the time. In any event, the applicants argued that it was undisputed that their parents had invested some 80,000 DEM (approximately EUR 40,000) in the house which, together with the amount which they had paid for it, amounted in total to some EUR 100,000. It had thus been unclear why the Centre had consented to a swap agreement by which they had received a flat worth approximately EUR 55,000. Moreover, the applicants took the view that the Centre had been well aware that their father had been in prison at the time, that their mother had had drug abuse problems, and that the lawyer M.I. had a conflict of interest. Nonetheless, the Centre had never attempted to interview their father nor had it commissioned any expert report assessing the value of the property or conducted an on-site inspection to assess all the circumstances of the property exchange. Similarly, the tax authorities had assessed the value of the property exchange solely on the basis of the value indicated in the swap agreement without carrying out any further inquiries. In these circumstances ‒ in which their parents had not been able to protect their rights and interests properly ‒ the applicants considered that the State authorities had been under an obligation to approach the case with the requisite diligence, taking into account the State’s incumbent duty to prevent any actions which could run contrary to the applicants’ best interests.
- The Government accepted that the domestic authorities had had a positive obligation to protect the best interests of the applicants, who had been only children at the time of the conclusion of the swap agreement. The Government, however, considered that the State authorities had duly complied with that obligation. The Government pointed out that the swap agreement had been concluded in very difficult circumstances for the applicants’ family, given that at the time their father had been in detention pending criminal trial on very serious charges and their mother had had financial problems, all of which had affected the applicants themselves. Thus, the Centre’s decision authorising the swap agreement, which had been intended to secure a normal upbringing and education for the applicants, had been the only possible solution. As to the value of the properties, the Government pointed out that the flat was only about ten square metres smaller than the house and, unlike the house, needed no further investment or renovation. Moreover, the applicants had received an additional sum of 10,000 DEM on account of the difference in value between the two properties. In the Government’s view, the tax assessment of the value of the property exchange also suggested that neither party to the swap agreement had sustained any damage thereby. In any case, it was not only the value of the property which had been a relevant factor but rather the applicants’ family circumstances had warranted the swap agreement to which the Centre had consented. The Government conceded that the Centre had failed to commission an expert report assessing the value of the house, but considered that there had been no reason to do so since the Centre had been able to assess the relevant facts on the basis of the documents in the case file. Moreover, the Centre had had no reason to doubt that the applicants’ well-being was being safeguarded by V.L., as at the time nothing suggested that she had had any problems with drug abuse. Similarly, the Centre had had no reason to believe that the lawyer M.I. had been in the conflict-ofinterest situation, as he had appeared before it as an authorised representative of the applicants’ parents.
2. The Court’s assessment
(a) General principles
- The Court notes at the outset that it is undisputed in the present case that the questions relating to the applicants’ proprietary interests concerning the real estate swap agreement fall to be examined under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.
- While the essential object of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 is to protect the individual against unjustified interference by the State with the peaceful enjoyment of his or her possessions, it may also entail positive obligations requiring the State to take certain measures necessary to protect property rights, particularly where there is a direct link between the measures an applicant may legitimately expect from the authorities and his or her effective enjoyment of his or her possessions (see Sovtransavto Holding v. Ukraine, no. 48553/99, § 96, ECHR 2002-VII, and cases cited therein; Öneryıldız v. Turkey [GC], no. 48939/99, § 134, ECHR 2004-XII; Broniowski v. Poland [GC], no. 31443/96, § 143, ECHR 2004-V; Păduraru v. Romania, no. 63252/00, § 88, ECHR 2005-XII; Bistrović v. Croatia, no. 25774/05, § 35, 31 May 2007; and Zolotas v. Greece (no. 2), no. 66610/09, § 47, CEDH 2013). In particular, allegations of a failure on the part of the State to take positive action in order to protect private property should be examined in the light of the general rule in the first sentence of the first paragraph of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention, which lays down the right to the peaceful enjoyment of possessions (see Kolyadenko and Others v. Russia, nos. 17423/05, 20534/05, 20678/05, 23263/05, 24283/05 and 35673/05, § 213, 28 February 2012).
- Although the boundaries between the State’s positive and negative obligations under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 do not lend themselves to precise definition the applicable principles are nonetheless similar. Whether the case is analysed in terms of a positive duty on the part of the State or in terms of interference by a public authority which needs to be justified, the criteria to be applied do not differ in substance. In both the case of an interference with the peaceful enjoyment of possessions and that of an abstention from action, a fair balance must be struck between the demands of the general interests of the community and the requirement to protect the individual’s fundamental rights (see, among other authorities, Sporrong and Lönnroth v. Sweden, 23 September 1982, § 69, Series A no. 52, and Kotov v. Russia [GC], no. 54522/00, § 110, 3 April 2012).
- In order to assess whether the State’s conduct satisfied the requirements of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, the Court must have regard to the fact that the Convention is intended to guarantee rights that are practical and effective. It must go beneath superficial appearances and look into the reality of the situation, which requires an overall examination of the various interests in issue; this may call for an analysis of, inter alia, the conduct of the parties to the proceedings, including the steps taken by the State (see Beyeler v. Italy [GC], no. 33202/96, § 114, ECHR 2000-I; Novoseletskiy v. Ukraine, no. 47148/99, § 102, 22 February 2005).
- Furthermore, the positive obligations imply, in particular, that States are obliged to provide judicial procedures that offer the necessary procedural guarantees and therefore enable the domestic courts and tribunals to adjudicate effectively and fairly any cases concerning property matters (see Anheuser-Busch Inc. v. Portugal [GC], no. 73049/01, § 83, ECHR 2007-I, and Chadzitaskos and Franta v. the Czech Republic, nos. 7398/07, 31244/07, 11993/08 and 3957/09, § 48, 27 September 2012), including those between private parties (see Zehentner v. Austria, no. 20082/02, §§ 73 and 75, 16 July 2009). The proceedings at issue must afford the individual a reasonable opportunity of putting his or her case to the relevant authorities for the purpose of effectively challenging the measures interfering with the rights guaranteed by this provision. In ascertaining whether this condition has been satisfied, the Court takes a comprehensive view (see Jokela v. Finland, no. 28856/95, § 45, ECHR 2002-IV, and cases cited therein, and Zehentner, cited above, § 73).
- The Court has also held that where children are involved, their best interests must be taken into account (see, for example, X v. Latvia [GC], no. 27853/09, § 96, ECHR 2013). On this particular point, the Court reiterates that there is a broad consensus, including in international law, in support of the idea that in all decisions concerning children, their best interests are of paramount importance. Whilst alone they cannot be decisive, such interests certainly must be afforded significant weight (see Jeunesse the Netherlands [GC], no. 12738/10, § 109, 3 October 2014). Indeed, the Convention on the Rights of the Child gives the child the right to have his or her best interests assessed and taken into account as a primary consideration in all actions or decisions that concern him or her, both in the public and private sphere, which expresses one of the fundamental values of that Convention (see paragraphs 42 and 43 above).
- The Court’s case-law shows that these considerations are of significance also in the area of protection of the child’s proprietary interests that falls under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1. Thus, the Court must assess the manner in which the domestic authorities’ acted in protecting the child’s proprietary interests against any malevolent or negligent actions on the part of others, including their legal representatives and natural parents (see Lazarev and Lazarev v. Russia (dec.), no. 16153/03, 24 November 2005).
(b) Application of these principles to the present case
- The Court notes that the central question in the case at issue is the alleged failure of the State to take adequately into account the best interests of the applicants and to protect their property rights in the allegedly unlawful and immoral real estate swap agreement. While it is true that under the relevant domestic law the precondition for such an agreement was the consent of the Centre ‒ which could also raise an issue from the perspective of the State’s negative obligations (see Lazarev, cited above) ‒ the Court considers that, in the circumstances, it is more appropriate to analyse the case from the perspective of the State’s positive obligations, bearing in mind that the boundaries between the State’s positive and negative obligations under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 do not lend themselves to precise definition and yet the applicable principles are nonetheless similar (see paragraph 59 above).
- The Court observes that it is undisputed between the parties that prior to the impugned real estate swap agreement the applicants were the owners of the house in which they lived with their mother V.L., and their legal guardian Z.L., who is the father of the second applicant. The house was purchased by V.L. and Z.L. in 1997, although the ownership was from the very outset registered as vesting in both applicants in equal shares (see paragraph 8 above). It thus represented the applicants’ possession legally protected from an unjustified interference or action by any third party, including the applicants’ parents (see paragraph 37 above, Article 48 of the Constitution; and paragraph 39 above, section 265 of the Family Act).
- The house is a seaside villa consisting of two floors plus an adjacent courtyard, located in a seaside neighbourhood of P. At the time of its acquisition by the applicants, the house was in poor condition. Thus, in addition to paying HRK 450,000 (approximately EUR 60,000) as the purchase price of the house, V.L. and Z.L. invested additional funds of 80,000 DEM (approximately EUR 40,000) in its renovation (see paragraphs 6-8, and 54-55 above).
- The Court notes that the applicants’ ownership of the house was exchanged for the ownership of a flat and a garage in P. The flat at issue is a four-room flat located on the fourth floor of a residential building in P. (see paragraph 13 above). This exchange occurred by the disposition of the applicants’ parents and consent of the Centre which was involved in the case due to the fact that at the relevant time the first applicant was fourteen years old and the second applicant was nine years old, which meant that their parents could dispose of their property only with the consent of the Centre (see paragraph 39 above).
- In this connection the Court observes a complex set of factual circumstances in which the real estate swap agreement took place. In particular, the Court notes that V.L. and Z.L. first approached the Centre in 2000 asking for its consent to the sale of the applicants’ house, but without specifying to whom or for what amount (see paragraph 10 above). Meanwhile, V.L. and Z.L. fell into financial difficulties and Z.L. was arrested and held in detention pending criminal proceedings on charges of attempted murder and unlawful possession of firearms, for which he was sentenced to six years’ imprisonment (see paragraphs 11 and 14 above).
- It was within these circumstances that lawyer M.I., acting as the representative of V.L., Z.L. and E.B. (the father of the first applicant), submitted a formal request to the Centre in October 2001 asking for consent to a real estate swap agreement whereby the applicants would transfer their house to a certain D.M. while she would transfer her ownership of the flat to the applicants.
- The Court notes that the circumstances in which V.L., Z.L. and E.B. authorised M.I. to act on their behalf for the real estate swap agreement are not fully clear. M.I. had been the defence lawyer to Z.L. in the abovementioned criminal proceedings against him, and D.M., who was the other party to the swap agreement, was M.I.’s mother-in-law. Furthermore, the powers of attorney in favour of M.I. were issued for the purpose of obtaining the Centre’s consent to an unspecified real estate swap agreement (see paragraph 12 above), and it does not appear that V.L., while interviewed at the Centre in connection with M.I.’s request, was ever presented with the specific details of the draft swap agreement in question (see paragraph 14 above). This, therefore, leaves unexplained the discrepancy in her statement as to the difference in value between the house and the flat ‒ estimated at some 100,000 DEM (see paragraph 14 above) ‒ and the amount of 10,000 DEM which the Centre eventually accepted as the amount that the applicants should receive in that regard (see paragraph 17 above).
- It is equally unclear why the Centre, when giving its consent to the swap agreement, also mentioned a garage as forming part of the property exchange when no garage had been mentioned in the draft swap agreement submitted by lawyer M.I. (see paragraphs 13 and 15 above) and nothing to that effect had been mentioned by V.L. during her interview at the Centre. Moreover, the Centre did not interview any of the other parties with a direct interest in the swap agreement, namely Z.L. and E.B., which in turn raises the issue of whether, and to what extent, they were aware of the substance of the draft swap agreement in question.
- The Court further observes that the draft swap agreement contained a clause stating that the value of the exchanged property was equal and that the parties waived their right to object that they had sustained damage as a result of giving the exchanged property away at below half of its real value. The draft swap agreement was supplemented by a document in which the parties thereto acknowledged that V.L. and Z.L. had made significant investments in the house and that D.M. would compensate for those investments in an unspecified amount (see paragraph 13 above).
- Eventually, this draft was formalised in the swap agreement of 16 December 2001 under which the applicants transferred their ownership of the house to D.M. while she transferred her ownership of the flat and a garage to the applicants. This version of the swap agreement contains a clause under which the parties agreed that there was no difference in value between the exchanged properties, and that they had no further claims on that account. The value of the property exchange was assessed at some HRK 400,000 (see paragraph 19 above). Based on this swap agreement, the applicants acquired ownership of the flat and the garage in exchange for their ownership of the house. In addition, they each received 5,000 DEM on account of the difference in value between the two properties (see paragraphs 17, 20 and 21 above).
- In these circumstances, in assessing the protection of the applicants’ property rights under Article 1 of Protocol No. 1, the initial concerns are raised with regard to the actual relative value of the exchanged properties (see, inter alia, Lazarev, cited above). While, in principle, it is not for the Court to substitute itself for the national courts and to deal with such matters, it is unfortunate that the domestic courts dismissed all the applicants’ evidence in the civil proceedings and thus left this question unexplained (see paragraph 25 above).
- The Court therefore observes that it is undisputed between the parties that V.L. and Z.L. purchased the house for HRK 450,000 (approximately EUR 60,000) and that they additionally invested some 80,000 DEM in the house (approximately EUR 40,000). If nothing else, this fails to explain how the value of the house could have corresponded to the value of the flat and the garage ‒ estimated at a total of some HRK 400,000 (approximately EUR 55,000; see paragraphs 19 and 55-56 above) ‒ and an additional amount of 10,000 DEM (approximately EUR 5,000).
- As to the Government’s reference to the tax assessment of the properties, the Court notes that the assessment was based only on the declared value of the transaction from the swap agreement (see paragraph 22 above) while Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 requires an assessment that goes beneath superficial appearances and looks into the reality of the situation (see, for example, Bistrović, cited above, § 35). Similarly, in view of the fact that the Centre took no action in assessing the reality of the circumstances of the property exchange (see paragraph 79 below), the Court cannot accept the Government’s argument that the flat needed no further investment or renovation and was in a better condition than the house. In these circumstances, given that the real estate swap agreement on the face of it raises an issue of the equality of giving which remained unexplained by the domestic authorities, it is difficult to adhere to the argument of equal value of the exchanged properties.
- Against the above background, given that under the relevant domestic (see paragraph 39 above; section 265 of the Family Act) and international law (see paragraph 62 above) the applicants, as children, could legitimately have expected the domestic authorities to take measures to safeguard their rights, the Court must assess whether the State authorities took the necessary measures to safeguard their proprietary interests in the event of the alienation of their property (see Lazarev, cited above). It will thus, in view of the principle that the best interests of the child must be taken as a primary consideration (see paragraphs 42 and 62 above), asses the actions taken by the Centre and the manner in which the competent domestic courts have approached the matter once it had been brought to their attention.
- As to the conduct of the Centre, the Court notes that following M.I.’s request for authorisation of the swap agreement, the only action taken by the Centre in assessing the circumstances of the case was the questioning of V.L. (see paragraph 14 above). None of the other legal guardians was interviewed or informed about the draft swap agreement, though the Government have at no point suggested that it had not been possible to arrange their questioning.
- Furthermore, the Centre failed to take any action to assess the actual condition or the value of the properties which could reasonably have been expected given the reality of the circumstances of the property exchange and the available information. In particular, the Centre had been informed of the purchase price of the house and the applicants’ parents’ further investment in its renovation, which, as noted above, amounted to some EUR 100,000 in total (see paragraph 66 above). In spite of this knowledge, without conducting further assessments through, for example, an on-site inspection or an expert report, the Centre accepted that the total value of the house could be assessed and the exchange carried out at a value of some EUR 60,000 in total (HRK 400,000 and 10,000 DEM; see paragraph 75 above).
- The Court is likewise not persuaded that the Centre approached the applicants’ particular family situation with the necessary diligence, in terms of assessing whether their proprietary interests were adequately protected against malevolent and/or negligent actions on the part of their parents (see Lazarev, cited above). In particular, the Centre was well aware of the fact that Z.L. was in detention and had been convicted on serious charges in criminal proceedings, and that V.L. was facing financial problems, all of which could have prompted them to take injudicious actions to the detriment of the applicants’ property.
- It this connection the Court observes that when V.L. was interviewed in the Centre she alleged poor financial situation of her family which allegedly affected the applicants’ upbringing and results in school. Whereas this would be an aspect of importance in the assessment of the overall situation surrounding the impugned real estate swap agreement, the Court notes that the Centre took no further measures to verify or evaluate V.L.’s submissions concerning her financial situation, nor did it interview Z.L. or consult the relevant authorities concerning their particular situation. Thus, for instance, it did not accordingly verify the applicants’ school results nor did it interview the applicants although the first applicant was at the time fourteen years old and thus could have provided relevant information concerning her family’s situation.
- Moreover, the Centre gave no consideration to whether, in the particular circumstances of the case, a special guardian should have been appointed who could have impartially and independently protected the applicants’ interests against all those involved in the impugned swap agreement, including their parents (see paragraph 39 above; section 192 of the Family Act).
- In these circumstances, the Court finds that the Centre did not asses adequately the applicants’ family situation and the possible adverse impact of the impugned real estate swap agreement on their rights. It thereby failed to evaluate whether the circumstances of the real estate swap agreement complied with the principle of the best interests of the child in the applicants’ particular case.
- As to the civil proceedings before the competent courts in which the applicants challenged the validity of the real estate swap agreement, the Court firstly notes that the procedural position of the applicants, as minors, in the administrative proceedings before the Centre was fully in the hands of their legal representatives, V.L. and Z.L., who were represented by M.I., a lawyer who had a conflict of interest. The applicants were thus unable to take any autonomous procedural actions, such as challenging the Centre’s decision authorising the swap agreement (compare Zehentner, cited above, § 76), nor, as noted above, had the authorities appointed a guardian ad litem who could have independently protected the applicants’ interests against all those involved in the swap agreement.
- In these circumstances, the civil proceedings instituted by the applicants represented were the only means by which the circumstances of the property exchange could have been scrutinised. Nevertheless, even this possibility remained in the hands of their legal representatives at least until one of the applicants reached the age of majority and was able to take the legal actions herself, namely by lodging an appeal on points of law before the Supreme Court in 2007 (see paragraph 29 above).
- However, the civil courts failed to appreciate the particular circumstances of the case and dismissed the applicants’ civil action solely on the grounds that the Centre’s decision authorising the swap agreement had not been challenged in the administrative proceedings (see paragraphs 25-26, 28 and 31 above). The civil courts thereby ignored the applicants’ position in the administrative proceedings (see paragraph 83 above); the evidence concerning M.I.’s conflict of interest as well as the applicants’ family circumstances, namely, at the time of the civil proceedings already disclosed, V.L.’s drug addiction and her financial problems; and Z.L.’s criminal conviction in the period leading up to the conclusion of the swap agreement. They also ignored the allegations of the Centre’s failure to protect the applicants’ best interests in relation to the conclusion of the swap agreement.
- In the Court’s view, all the allegations concerning the conclusion of the swap agreement ‒ if nothing else ‒ raised the issue of compliance with the relevant constitutional obligation of the State to protect children (see paragraph 37, Articles 63 and 65 of the Constitution), as a result of which it was incumbent on the civil courts to examine the allegations carefully (see paragraph 38, sections 103 and 110 of the Civil Obligations Act) in accordance with the principle of the best interests of the child (see paragraph 43 above).
- Consequently, the Court sees no relevance in the civil courts’ reference to the applicants’ possibility of claiming that the swap agreement was perhaps only voidable ‒ on which the Government also relied (see paragraphs 26 and 51 above) ‒ since the applicants, as minors, were not able to lodge such a claim autonomously within the relevant statutory prescription period of one year after the conclusion of the swap agreement (see paragraph 38 above; sections 111 and 139 of the Civil Obligations Act; and compare Stagno v. Belgium, no. 1062/07, §§ 32-33, 7 July 2009). The Court therefore dismisses the Government’s preliminary objection concerning the non-exhaustion of domestic remedies (see paragraph 53 above).
- Taking the above into account, the Court finds that the domestic authorities failed to take the necessary measures to safeguard the proprietary interests of the applicants, as children, in the impugned real estate swap agreement and to afford them a reasonable opportunity to effectively challenge the measures interfering with their rights guaranteed by Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.
- There has accordingly been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention.
APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
91. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
- In their initial application the applicants requested the Court to order restitutio in integrum and claimed the amount of “at least” 300,000 euros (EUR) in respect of pecuniary damage. They did not claim any costs and expenses.
- The Government contended that claim.
- The Court is of the view that the question of the application of Article 41, concerning pecuniary damage, is not ready for decision (Rule 75 § 1 of the Rules of Court). Accordingly, the Court reserves that question and the further procedure and invites the Government and the applicants, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, to submit their observations on the matter and, in particular, to inform it of any agreement that they may reach.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT, UNANIMOUSLY,
- Decides to join to the merits the Government’s objection as to the exhaustion of domestic remedies and rejects it;
- Declares the application admissible;
- Holds that there has been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1 to the Convention;
- Holds that the question of the application of Article 41, concerning the claim for pecuniary damage, is not ready for decision; accordingly,
- reserves the said question;
- invites the Government and the applicants to submit, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, their written observations on the matter and to notify the Court of any agreement that they may reach;
- reserves the further procedure and delegates to the President of the Chamber the power to fix the same if need be.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 7 May 2015, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
Søren Nielsen Isabelle Berro
Registrar President