Manole i drugi protiv Moldavije

Država na koju se presuda odnosi
Moldavija
Institucija
Evropski sud za ljudska prava
Broj predstavke
13936/02
Stepen važnosti
Referentni slučaj
Jezik
Bosanski
Datum
17.09.2009
Članovi
10
10-1
10-2
35
35-1
41
46
46-2
Kršenje
10
Nekršenje
nije relevantno
Ključne reči po HUDOC/UN
(Čl. 10) Sloboda izražavanja - Opšta
(Čl. 10-1 / ICCPR-19) Sloboda izražavanja
(Čl. 10-2) Mešanje
(Čl. 35) Uslovi prihvatljivosti
(Čl. 35-1 / CAT-13 / ICCPR-2 / CEDAW-4) Iscrpljivanje unutrašnjih pravnih lekova
(Čl. 41) Pravično zadovoljenje - opšte
(Čl. 46) Obaveznost i izvršenje presuda
(Čl. 46-2) Izvršenje presude
(Čl. 46-2) Mere opšteg karaktera
Pozitivne obaveze
Tematske ključne reči
VS deskriptori
Zbirke
Sudska praksa
Presuda ESLJP
Veće
Sažetak
Postupak u ovom predmetu je pokrenut predstavkom protiv Republike Moldavije, koju je Sudu podnelo devet moldavskih državljana (podnosioci predstavke), u drgoj polovini marta 2002.g. Podnosiocima je dodeljena besplatna pravna pomoć. Podnosioci su svi bili zaposleni ili ranije zaposleni kao novinari na Teleradio-Moldova (TRM) i naveli su da su žrtve prakse neprimerenog političkog uticaja na uređivačku politiku, što predstavlja povredu člana 10 Konvencije.

Javna rasprava je održana u Zgradi ljudskih prava u Strazburu, početkom marta 2006.g.

TRM je osnovan predsedničkim ukazom od 11.03.1994.g., kao kompanija u državnom vlasništvu, a nastao je iz ranijeg državnog radiotelevizijskog emitera. Kasnije je pretvoren u kompaniju u javnom vlasništvu. U Moldaviji je bio ograničen broj kanala, koji su stanovnici mogli ga gledaju. Po izjavi podnosilaca TRM je tokom celog svog postojanja bio izložen političkoj kontroli. Nakon februara 2001.g., kada je Komunistička partija dobila veliku većinu na parlamentarnim izborima, određeni broj viših rukovodilaca TRM je smenjen, a na njihova mesta su dovedene osobe lojalne Vladi. Informacije emitovane u dnevniku su bile pod strogom kontrolom TRM- ovog menadžmenta. Za intervjue i izveštaje političke prirode koristila se samo grupa novinara i tehničkog osoblja od poverenja. Novinari su primali instrukcije u pogledu toka i smera kojim prilog treba da ide, a ponekad im je i ceo tekst bio diktiran. Kada je usvojen zakon po kome TRM prelazi u javno vlasništvo, osoblje stare državne kompanije je moralo da prođe ispit da bi se zaposlilo u novoj javnoj kompaniji.

NAVODNA POVREDA ČLANA 10 KONVENCIJE
- Pravo na slobodu izražavanja
Vlada je navode podnosilaca negirala i tvrdila je da oni, u svakom slučaju, nisu iscrpli domaće lekove. Sud razmatra period od februara 2001.g., kada podnosioci izjavljuju da je problem političke kontrole nad uređivačkom politikom u TRM-u postao akutan, pa do 26.09.2006.g., kada Sud donosi odluku o prihvatljivosti (vremenski opseg predmeta). Sud smatra da postojanje domaćih pravnih lekova mora biti dovoljno izvesno u praksi, kako bi oni imali potrebnu dostupnost i delotvornost. Teret dokazivanja u tom smislu je na Vladi.
Podnosioci smatraju da domaći zakon ne daje dovoljne garancije zaštite od cenzure i neprimerenog političkog uticaja. Sud smatra da nema demokratije bez pluralizma , kao i mogućnosti da se problemi zemlje rešavaju dijalogom, bez pribegavanja nasilju, čak i kada su problemi izuzetno zahtevni. Demokratija cveta u slobodi izražavanja. Bitna je uloga radio i televizijskih programa. Došlo je do mešanja u pravo na slobodu izražavanja podnosilaca, a Država nije ispoštovala svoju pozitivnu obavezu po pitanju poštovanja člana 10 Konvencije. Došlo je do povrede člana 10 Konvencije.

PRIMENA ČLANA 46 KONVENCIJE
- Visoke strane ugovornice preuzimaju obavezu da se povinuju konačnoj presudi Suda u svakom predmetu u kome su stranke.
- Konačna presuda Suda se dostavlja Komitetu ministara, koji nadgleda njeno izvršenje.

PRIMENA ČLANA 41 KONVENCIJE
- Pravo na pravično zadovoljenje oštećenoj stranci.
Sud zaključuje da pitanje primene ovog člana još nije spremno za odluku.
Presuda je doneta jednoglasno.

Preuzmite presudu u pdf formatu

 EVROPSKI SUD ZA LJUDSKA PRAVA  

ČETVRTO ODJELJENJE

PREDMET MANOLE I OSTALI PROTIV MOLDAVIJE

(Predstavka br. 13936/02)

PRESUDA

[odlomci]

STRASBOURG

17. 9. 2009.

U predmetu Manole i ostali protiv Moldavije, Evropski sud za ljudska prava (Četvrto odjeljenje), koji je zasijedao kao Vijeće u sastavu:

Nicolas Bratza, predsjednik,
Josep Casadevall,
Giovanni Bonello,
Rait Maruste,
Lech Garlicki,
Ján Šikuta,
Stanislav Pavlovschi, sudije,
i Lawrence Early, sekretar Odjeljenja,

nakon vijećanja bez prisustva javnosti dana 27. 8. 2009, donosi sljedeću presudu, usvojenu tog datuma:

POSTUPAK

  1. Predmet je pokrenut predstavkom (br. 13936/02) protiv Republike Moldavije, koju je Sudu, po članu 34. Konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda (“Konvencija”) podnijelo devet moldavskih državljana (“podnosioci predstavke”: vidi stavove 9-17. u daljem tekstu), na dan 19. 3. 2002.
  2. Podnosioce, kojima je dodijeljena besplatna pravna pomoć, zastupali su g. V. Nagacevschi i g. V. Gribincea, u ime “Pravnika za ljudska prava” (“Lawyers for Human Rights”), nevladine organizacije sa sjedištem u Kišnjevu. Moldavsku vladu (“Vlada”) zastupao je u to vrijeme njen imenovani zastupnik, g. V. Parlog.
  3. Podnosioci, koju svi bili zaposleni ili ranije zaposleni kao novinari na Teleradio-Moldova (“TRM”), naveli su da su žrtve prakse neprimjerenog političkog utjecaja na uređivačku politiku, što predstavlja kršenje člana 10. Konvencije.
  4. Na dan 15. 6. 2004, vijeće Četvrtog odjeljenja proglasilo je predstavku djelimično neprihvatljivom, te odlučilo da pritužbe devet gore pomenutih podnosilaca proslijedi Vladi na opservacije.
  5. Javna rasprava održana je u Zgradi ljudskih prava u Strasbourgu, na dan 8. 3 2006 (pravilo 59, stav 3).

Sudu su pristupili:

(a) u ime Vlade
g. V. PARLOG, zastupnik,
gđa D. SARCU,
gđa L. GRIMALSCHI,
gđa I.LUPUSOR, savjetnice;

(b) u ime podnosilaca
g. V. NAGACEVSCHI,
g. V. GRIBINCEA, advokati,

Sud je saslušao izlaganaj g. Parloga, g. Nagascevschija i g. Gribincea.

  1. Odlukom od 26. 9. 2006, Sud je ostatak predstavke proglasio prihvatljivim.

ČINJENICE

I. OKOLNOSTI PREDMETA

A.  Teleradio-Moldova

  1. “Teleradio-Moldova” (TRM) osnovan je predsjedničkim ukazom od 11. 3. 1994, kao kompanija u državnom vlasništvu, nastao iz ranije državnog radiotelevizijskog emitera. Statut TRM-a mijenjan je 1995. i 1996, a ponovo 2002, kad je pretvoren u kompaniju u javnom vlasništvu (vidi stavove 59, 60. i 65. u daljem tekstu), te kao takav registriran 26. 7. 2004.
  2. U novembru 2004, moldavska TV stanica u privatnom vlasništvu (IT) počela je emitirati program u cijeloj zemlji. Do tada je, uz TRM, samo jedan rumunski javni kanal (Romania 1) i jedan ruski javni kanal (ORT) bilo moguće gledati u cijeloj Moldaviji. Romania 1 nije emitirala lokalne vijesti, a ORT je 2002. uveo 10-minutni dnevnik s moldavskim vijestima. U oktobru 2004, 61% moldavskog stanovništva bilo je ruralno, kablovska televizija bila je dostupna samo u većim gradovima, a korištenje satelitske televizije uglavnom je bilo nerazvijeno. Prema Vladi, jedna anketa koju je 2004. naručio Centar za nezavisno novinarstvo (vidi stav 76. u daljem tekstu), utvrdila je da je TRM najgledaniji kanal u Moldaviji, te da je TRMov večernji dnevnik omiljeni televizijski program otprilike 20% stanovništva.

B.  Podnosioci predstavke

  1. Larisa Manole (prvi podnosilac) radila je na televiziji od 1982, a 2001-2002. bila je rukovodilac TRM-ove Redakcije TV vijesti, te urednik i voditelj večernjeg dnevnika na rumunskom. TRM je napustila u septembru 2002.
  2. Corina Fusu (drugi podnosilac) uređivala je i vodila jutarnji zabavni program, kao i TRM-ov večernji dnevnik i jedna program posvećen francuskoj kulturi. U TRM-ovom prethodniku se zaposlila 1990, a u novembru 2004. je proglašena viškom.
  3. Mircea Surdu (treći podnosilac) bio je glavni i odgovorni urednik i voditelj sedmične večernje emisije o kulturi, socijalnim i političkim temama. U TRM-ovom prethodniku se zaposlio 1985, državna kompanija otpustila ga je u avgustu 2004, ali ga je istog mjeseca zaposlila javna kompanija.
  4. Dinu Rusnac (četvrti podnosilac) bio je viši urednik u Redakciji TV vijesti i voditelj večernjih vijesti na ruskom. U TRM-u se zaposlio u julu 1994, a u novembru 2004. je proglašen viškom.
  5. Diana Donică (peti podnosilac) bila je viši rukovodilac Redakcije programa iz kulture, te radila za emisiju koju je vodio Mircea Surdu. U TRM-u se zaposlila u avgustu 1994; državnka kompanija je otpustila u avgustu 2004, ali je istog tog mjeseca zaposlila javna kompanija.
  6. Leonid Melnic (šesti podnosilac) bio je producent nekoliko programa i kontakt-emisija u Redakciji programa iz kulture. U TRM-ovom prethodniku se zaposlio u avgustu 1992, državna kompanija otpustila ga je u avgustu 2004, ali ga je istog mjeseca zaposlila javna kompanija.
  7. Viorica Cucereanu-Bogatu (sedmi podnosilac) radila je kao specijalni dopisnik u Redakciji TV vijesti. U TRM-ovom prethodniku se zaposlila 1979, a u novembru 2004. je proglašena viškom.
  8. Angela Aramă-Leahu (osmi podnosilac) bila je viši urednik i voditelj u Redakciji programa iz kulture, kao i producent i voditelj jedne zabavne emisije. U TRM-ovom prethodniku se zaposlila u decembru 1983, a u novembru 2004. je proglašena viškom.
  9. Ludmila Vasilache (deveti podnosilac) bila je urednik i voditelj nekoliko programa u Redakciji programa iz kulture. U TRM-ovom prethodniku se zaposlila 1990. Državna kompanija je otpustila u avgustu 2004, ali je u tom istom mjesecu zaposlila javna kompanija.

C.  Izjave stranaka u vezi s neprimjerenom političkom kontrolom u TRM-u između februara 2001. i novembra 2004.

1.  Podnosioci

  1. Po izjavi podnosilaca, TRM je tokom cijelog svog postojanja bio izložen političkoj kontroli. Međutim, nakon februara 2001, kad je Komunistička partija na parlamentarnim izborima dobila veliku većinu, određeni broj viših rukovidilaca TRM-a je smijenjen, a na njihova mjesta dovedene osobe lojalne Vladi. Ograničenja novinarske slobode izražavanja navodno su tad postala akutna.
  2. Podnosioci navode da su informacije emitirane u dnevniku bile pod strogom kontrolom TRM-ovog menadžmenta. Mada je ranije dio posla prve podnositeljice bilo odabiraje vijesti i pisanje teksta za segment koji je vodila, nakon 2001. je to preuzeo šef Redakcije vijesti, koji bi odlučivao o vijestima koje će se ukljuliti na osnovu rasporeda koji je pripremala državna novinska agencija “Moldpres”. Onda se odabir prodočavao predsjedniku TRM-a i direktoru RTV-a na odobrenje. Materijal kojim su se pokrivale parlamentarne, vladine ili predsjedničke sjednice, kao i lokalne posjete zvaničnih tijela, imali su prioritet.
  3. Za intervjue i izvještaje političke prirode koristila se samo grupa novinara i tehničkog osoblja od povjerenja. Dok su prije 2001. novinari imali veliku mjeru uređivačke kontrole, sad su primali instrukcije u pogledu tona i smjera kojim prilog treba da ide; ponekad im se i cijeli tekst diktirao. Intervjui i drugi izvještaji koji se nisu emitirali uživo su se odabirali i priređivali tako da vladajuću stranku prikazuju u povoljnom svjetlu.
  4. U skladu s TRM-ovom politikom rada, izvještaji o aktivnostima provladinih tijela i zvaničnika trajali bi 3 do 5 minuta. Izvještaji o drugim događajima trajali bi maksimalno 60 do 90 sekundi. Rezultat toga je da su dvije trećine dnevnika bile posvećene samo prilozima o Vladinim temama. Svaki sukob u zemlji ili događaji koje organiziraju opozicija, nevladine organizacije ili ljudi čiji se stavovi razlikuju od stavova vladajuće stranke, nisu se pojavljivali u prilozima. Nijedna opoziciona stranka nije imala pristup u eter, a sastavljena je i “crna lista” uglednih ličnosti iz političkog, kulturnog i naučnog života koji nisu podržavali Komunističku partiju i kojima se, shodno tome, nije davao pristup TRM-ovim programima. U rijetkim prilikama kad bi se nekom opozicionom političaru dalo prostora, intervjui su sjeckani, ili je govor tonski prekriven novinarskim komentarom ili tekstom koji je dala Vladina novinska agencija, Moldpres.
  5. Cenzuri su, osim vijesti, bili izloženi i drugi programi. Kontroverzne teme bile su zabranjene; identitet gostiju i studijske publike kontroliran; živi i interaktivni programi su se izbjegavali, a telefonski razgovori pratili. Sedmični program emitiranja morao je odobriti TRM-ov predsjednik. Programi koje on ne odobri su se isključiviali iz programa bez najave gledaocima i učesnicima samog programa, bez bilo kakvog objašnjenja.
  6. Podnosioci navode da je upotreba riječi i fraza kao što su “rumunski”, “rumunski jezik”, “Besarabija”, “historija Rumuna”, “totalitarni režim” bile zabranjene, isto kao i bilo kakvo spominjanje historijskih perioda poput perioda između dva svjetska rata, organizirane gladi u Sovjetskom Savezu, staljinističkog režima, deportacija u gulage i perioda nacionalnog buđenja 1989.
  7. Podnosioci su identificirali određeni broj incidenata tokom tog perioda. Tu spada i disciplinska mjera pokrenuta protiv jednog novinara zato što je upotrijebio izraze “totalitarni komunistički režim”, “komunistička vlada” i “Trg Velike narodne skupštine” tokom javljanja uživo na Dan nezavisnosti, 27. 8. 2001; rezanje izvještaja s Mirceaom Snegurom, prvim predsjednikom Moldavije, iz reportaže o Danu nezavisnosti na večernjem dnevniku; ukor novinara koji je snimio intervju s predsjednikom Sindikata filmskih radnika, tokom kojeg je sagovornik rekao da su “u doba totalitarnog režima uništavane crkve”; rezanje intervjua s bivšim generalnim sekretarom Komunističke partije, G.E., urađenim 22. 9. 2001, zato što je rekao da se “u ovom trenutku nikakvo svjetlo ne vidi na kraju tunela” dok je govorio o ekonomskoj situaciji u Moldaviji; brisanje programa koji je trebao biti prikazan 28. 10. 2001, o pokojnim pjevačima Doini i Ionu Aldei Teodorovici; odbijanje emitiranja, 13. 2. 2002, intervjua s parlamentarcem Vladom Cubreacovim na temu zamjene predmeta “Historija Rumuna” predmetom “Historija Moldavije” u školskim planovima i programima; odbijanje da se dozvoli izvještavanje o opozicionim stavovoma tokom izvještaja o debati u Parlamentu o ekonomsko-socijalnoj situaciji, održanoj 22. 2. 2002; cenzura izvještaja s pres-konferencije koju je održao zastupnik parlamentarne grupacije “Alianţa Braghiş”, u kojoj kritizira vladin prijedlog za teritorijalno-administrativnu reformu; zabrana izvještaja o Kongresu filologa i konferencijama koje su historičari ogranizirali, zato što su iskazana mišljenja o “historiji Rumuna” i rumunskom jeziku; zabrana, u aprilu 2002, reportaže o inauguraciji Muzeja nacionalne hisorije, koja je bila posvećena žrtvama staljinističkog ugnjetavanja; zabrana reportaže u julu 2002. o profesorici Elle Pelerino, jer je spomenula sovjetske deportacije etničkih Nijemaca; brisanje naslova knjige pokojnog Gheorghea Ghimpua “Nacionalna svijest moldavskih Rumuna” iz reportaže o njemu u julu 2002; zabrana da se tokom božićnih praznika 2002. i 2003. rade intervjui sa sveštenstvom Mitropolitske crkve Besarabije.
  8. Na dan 28. 11. 2003, kontakt-emisija “Bună Seara”, koju je vodio podnosilac Mircea Surdu, trebala je biti posvećena planu federalizacije Moldavije, po prijedlogu Ruske Federacije. Gosti u programu bili su Vladimir Filipov, predstavnik Vijeća Evrope u Moldaviji, Klaus Neurkirh, glasnogovornik Misije OSCE-a, i tri lidera parlamentarnih grupacija: Victor Stepaniuc, Dumitru Braghiş i Iurie Roşca. Vladimiru Filipovu je predsjednik TRM-a par sati prije planiranog početka programa rekao da ne mora dolaziti, jer je emisija otkazana. Produkcijska ekipa i voditelj nisu bili o tome obaviješteni. Predstavnik OSCE-a, Dumitru Braghiş i Iurie Roşca došli su u studio. Publika je zauzela svoje mjesto i emisija je počela. Međutim, bez znanja učesnika i bez bilo kakvog objašnjenja, emisija nije emitirana, već je umjesto nje prikazan film. Novinare koji su radili na emisiji kasnije je ispitivala policija.

2.  Vlada

  1. Vlada se nije očitovala u vezi s konkretnim incidentima u gornjem tekstu, koje su identificirali podnosioci. Međutim, Vlada jeste ustvrdila da opozicioni političari imaju pristup državnoj televiziji i da se o protestima 2002. godine izvještavalo, kako se vidi iz tekstova i programa vijesti iz perioda 14-27. 2. 2002, te iz izvještaja različitih datuma tokom aprila 2002, jula 2002. i novembra 2003. Uz to, objavljeni TV-vodiči pokazuju sljedeće emisije na TRM-u: na dan 14. 5. 2004, program pod naslovom “Tribina političkih stranaka”; na dan 12. 7. 2004, program pod naslovom “Javni život”, uz učešće Predsjednika Moldavije; te na dan 15. 7. 2004, “Demokratski proces i sloboda medija”, uz učešće g. V. Stepaniuca, lidera komunističke parlamentarne grupacije, g. D. Braghişa, lidera parlamentarne grupacije “Moldova Democrată”, g. M. Petrachea, lidera vanparlamentarne stranke “Unija centraša”, te drugih osoba koje nisu bile predstavnici bilo koje političke stranke.
  2. Od 2002, da bi se izašlo u susret najvećim manjinskim grupama, TRM emitira programe na šest jezika, konkretno na ruskom, ukrajinskom, gagauškom, bugarskom, romskom i jidišu.
  3. Tokom predizborne kampanje 2005. godine, programi kao što je “Sat za opoziciju”, a kasnije “Kontrapunkt”, omogućavali su opoziciji da ima jedan sat sedmično za iskazivanje svojih stavova. Izvan predizbornog perioda, program “Platforma političkih stranaka” davao je priliku opozicionim političarima da se obrate javnosti po deset minuta svake sedmice. Nadalje, od 2005. godine, sve diskusije u Parlamentu se emitiraju na TRM-ovom televizijskim i radio-kanalima.

D.  Protesti i štrajk 2002. godine

  1. Od 9. januara do maja 2002, glavna opoziciona stranka u to vrijeme, Demokršćanska narodna stranka, svakodnevno je organizirala demonstracije protiv vladine odluke da se nastavni plan i program iz historije izmijeni i da se ponovo uvede obavezno učenje ruskog jezika. Demonstracije na Trgu Velike narodne skupštine, ispred zgrade Vlade, okupile su hiljade protestanata (više vidjeti u Demokršćanska narodna stranka protiv Moldavije, br. 28793/02, ECHR 2006-II).
  2. Prema izjavi Vlade, o demonstracijama se izvještavalo u vijestima TRM-a, prvenstveno u reportažama podnositeljice Corine Fusu. Podnosioci, pak, navode da je izvještavanje s demonstracija bilo izuzetno ograničeno i strogo kontrolirano, tako da je, naročito, bilo zabranjeno davati bilo kakve informacije o razlozima za proteste ili stavovima koje je opozicija iskazivala tokom parlamentarne debate.
  3. Na dan 25. 2. 2002, 331 uposlenici TRM-a potpisali su sljedeću protestnu izjavu:

“Mi, uposlenici Radiotelevizije Moldavije, primjećujemo da je, nakon pobjede Komunističke partije na izborima, naša sloboda izražavanja ugrožena. Naši gledaoci i slušaoci lišeni su prava na tačne i nepristrasne informacije. Zapravo, vlasti su na nacionalnom radiju i televiziji ponovo uspostavile političku cenzuru u sovjetskom stilu, zabranjenu Ustavom Moldavije. Rezultat toga je da je Radiotelevizija Moldavije postala instrument za ispiranje mozga i manipulaciju javnog mnjenja, oglašivač vladajuće stranke. Iskazujemo protest protiv ovakvih totalitarnih postupaka, koji ugrožavaju prava televizijskih gledalaca, radijskih slušalaca, te slobodu štampe u cjelini. Kršenja demokratskih prava ove vrste su opasna, jer destabiliziraju političku situaciju u našoj zemlji. Iskazujemo svoju solidarnost s postupcima demonstranata, usmjerenim protiv prisilne rusifikacije i namjernog razaranja demokratskog sistema. Zahtijevamo ukidanje cenzure u državnoj kompaniji Teleradio Moldova, i poštivanje prava naroda na tačne, pouzdane i nepristrasne informacije. Zahtijevamo da vlasti poštuju demokratsku i proevropsku politiku rada koju je narod ove zemlje izabrao.”

  1. Na dan 26. 2. 2002, ova deklaracija proslijeđena je novinskim agencijama, a nekoliko hiljada ljudi okupilo se ispred sjedišta TRM-a da protestira protiv političke kontrole. Kasnije tog dana, tokom snimanja večernjih vijesti u 19:00, četvrti podnosilac, Dinu Rusnac, odbio je da čita tekst koji mu je dat, u kojem je izostavljeno bilo kakvo spominjanje protesta ispred sjedišta TRM-a. Ekipa vijesti počela je prikazivati reportažu o demonstracijama, ali su nakon nekoliko minuta vijesti prekinute i zamijenjene dokumentarnim filmom. U studio je pozvana vojska. Larisi Manole zbog učešća na protestima nije dozvoljeno da čita vijesti na rumunskom u 21:00.
  2. Na dan 27. 2. 2002, grupa uposlenika TRM-a odlučila se da krene na “spori” štrajk, i u te svrhe je izabran Štrajkački odbor. Štrajkački odbor poslao je predsjedniku TRM-a i Vladi listu zahtjeva, koja je uključivala ukidanje cenzure, a urednici i voditelji odlučili su da počnu proizvoditi necenzurirane programe vijesti. Grupa od nekih 700 demonstranata okupila se pred zgradom TRM-a.
  3. Istog popodneva (27. 2. 2002.), Predsjednik Moldavije došao je u TRM i sastao se s predstavnicima Štrajkačkog odbora. Izjavio je da je protiv cenzure. Međutim, odbio je zahtjev da opoziciju ponudi jedan sat prostora u programu, na osnovu toga što su demonstracije na Trgu Velike narodne skupštine bile nezakonite.
  4. Na dan 5. 3 2002, četvrti podnosilac, Dinu Rusnac, u tekst vijesti u 19:00 uključio je stavku o odgovoru Štrajkačkog odbora na neke izjave Predsjednika Moldavije, kao i intervju s liderom Demokršćanske narodne stranke, Iurieom Roşcaom. Šef Redakcije vijesti je te stavke izbrisao iz teksta. Tokom programa, koji se prikazivao uživo, g. Rusnac je iznio navode o cenzuri i pred kamerom pokazao redigirani tekst. Šef Redakcije je naredio tehničaru da odmah isključi ton.
  5. Na dan 7. 3. 2002, Parlament je formirao specijalnu parlamentarnu komisiju, da razradi “strategiju unapređenja rada [TRM-a]”.

E. Disciplinske mjere protiv prvog i četvrtog podnosioca

  1. Nakon događaja 27. 2. 2002, prva podnositeljica, Larisa Manole, koja je ranije svake večeri čitala vijesti na rumunskom jeziku, dobila je dozvolu da to radi samo jednu ili dvije večeri sedmično. Na dan 6. 3. 2002, na osnovu toga što je napravila grešku dok je čitala vijesti, smijenjena je s mjesta urednika i višeg voditelja vijesti, na mjesto novinara-početnika, te joj više nije bilo dozvoljeno da čita vijesti.
  2. Pokrenula je radni spor protiv TRM-a i 11. 11. 2002. Žalbeni sud je odlučio u njenu korist, te naložio TRM-u da je vrati na raniju poziciju voditelja vijesti. TRM se, pak, nije povinovao presudi i gđa Manole nikad nije ponovo vraćena na stari posao. Nije joj dato dovoljno posla kao novinaru, te je navodno bila izložena uznemiravanju i cenzuri, do tačke kad više nije mogla da zarađuje za život, i 13. 11. 2002. je morala podnijeti otkaz. Nakon toga je radila za jednu novinsku agenciju i za drugu televizijsku kompaniju.
  3. Na dan 7. 3. 2002, četvrti podnosilac, Dinu Rusnac, bio je predmet disciplinske sankcije u formi strogog ukora (“mustrare aspră”), zato što se po sopstvenoj inicijativi odmakao od autoriziranog teksta vijesti. Uz to, smijenjen je s pozicije voditelja vijesti, te mu je oduzet pravo da vodi bilo kakve programe vijesti.
  4. Pokrenuo je postupak protiv TRM-a i Žalbeni sud je 23. 9. 2002. poništio disciplinsku sankciju, po osnovu toga što se nije činilo da je svojim odstupanjem od unaprijed napisanog teksta g. Rusnac prekršio bilo kakvu ugovornu obavezu. Sud je, s druge strane, odbio njegov zahtjev da bude vraćen na mjesto voditelja vijesti, jer je zaključio da nije imao nikakvo ugovorno pravo na tu poziciju, na kojoj je bio samo na osnovu usmenog dogovora. Na dan 25. 10. 2002, TRM je povukao disciplinsku sankciju, u skladu s presudom Žalbenog suda.

F.  Izvještaj Vijeća za audiovizuelnu koordinaciju

  1. Između 16. i 19. 4. 2002, Vijeće za audiovizuelnu koordinaciju (“ACC”: vidi stav 58. u daljem tekstu) organiziralo je seriju sastanaka s rukovodstvom i osobljem TRM-a, da bi se razgovaralo o cenzuri i drugim problemima s kojima se kompanija suočavala. ACC je 29. 4. 2002. objavio svoje zaključke, kako slijedi:

“I administracija i osoblje kompanije iskazali su interes i želju da se dođe do brzog rješenja sukoba, koji je doveo do pokretanja zahtjeva i stvaranja štrajkačkog odbora.

Diskusija je bila usmjerena na dvije generalne teme:

politička priroda Štrajkačkog odbora i događaji koji su se desili u [TRM-u];

socijalna i administrativna pitanja, s naglaskom na nerealizirani kreativni potencijal osoblja.

Do štrajka je dovela duga serija događaja. U centralnoj administraciji i u odjelima je bilo čestih promjena u višem rukovodstvu, što je imalo ozbiljne posljedice. Suprotno njihovim ugovorima o radu, neki novinari i pomoćnici direktora prestali su poštivati instrukcije vezane za pripremu i emitiranje programa, što je dovelo do pada ustanovljenih standarda i zanemarivanja pravila i zahtjeva emitiranja. Politička pristrasnost pojedinih televizijskih novinara pokazuje se činjenicom da je jedna grupa njih odmah dala podršku demonstracijama na Trgu Velike narodne skupštine, koje je organizirala jedna parlamentarna opoziciona stranka. Koristeći situaciju koja je na ovaj način stvorena, novinari ne samo da su neprimjereno prekršili profesionalne procedure, već su dali svoj doprinos pogoršanju situacije u kompaniji, tako što su osoblje podijelili u dva tabora: “mi” i “oni”.

... Disciplinske sankcije, uključujući povlačenje voditeljske licence, nametnute su onim novinarima koji su prekršili emiterske procedure. Pristrasne izjave Štrajkačkog odbora odbacila je većina uposlenika TRM-a. To je dovelo do fromiranja Antištrajkačkog odbora, koji nema ništa manje članova od Štrajkačkog odobora.

Postupke Štrajkačkog odobra nije podržao Sindikalni odbor TRM-a. Članovi Štrajkačkog odbora predočili su zahtjeve ne samo administraciji kompanije i Vladi, već i Vijeću Evrope, bez obavještavanja Vijeća za audiovizuelnu koordinaciju.

Što se tiče pojmova “cenzura” i “primjena cenzure” u kreativnom procesu, postojao je pokušaj da se kao “cenzura” kvalificiraju osnovni zahjtevi koji se nameću na osnovu dužnosti da se poštuju obaveze službe. U isto vrijeme, pokrenuta su pitanja i “vanjske” i “unutrašnje” cenzure.

Oni su, zapravo, pokušali upotrijebiti postojanje cenzure da bi opravdali loš kvalitet sopstvenog rada i nedostatak profesionalizma. Novinari nisu primjereno izvršavali svoje dužnosti, koje im je, s ciljem proizvodnje nepristrasnih programa, povjerilo više rukovodstvo. Osnovni zahtjevi profesionalizma tumačeni su kao neka vrsta diktata ili cenzure. Međutim, ne može se isključiti to da su određeni direktori pokušali voditi sopstvene emisije uživo, u korist stranačke linije parlamentarne većine. Pokušaji predstavnika državne vlasti da utiču na poruku koju programi prenose još uvijek postoje, mada ACC nema nikakve konkretne primjere. Lako je shvatiti da ova vrsta neprimjerenog uticaja dovodi do protesta kreativnog osoblja. To je za televiziju tipično.

Prema tome, “politička cenzura” definira se kao nedostatak profesionalizma nekih direktora u pogledu organizacije kreativnog procesa. “Politička cenzura” prerasla je u “intelektualnu cenzuru”.

Primjećuje se i da administracija kompanije ne zabrajuje korištenje riječi Besarabija, rumunski, rumunski jezik, rumunska historija ili totalitarni režim u historijskom kontekstu; međutim, ne dozvoljava njihovo korištenje u izvještajima o aktuelnim događanjima. Zahtjevima članova Štrajkačkog odobra dato je vrijeme u programu. ...

Statut TRM-a je, prije nego što ga je Vlada usvojila, prošao detaljnu analizu Evropske unije. Međutim, određene odredbe i članovi još nisu odraženi u TRM-ovim kreativnim aktivnostima ili u odnosima između rukovodstva i osoblja. Prijedlozi za promjenu državne kompanije u javnu ustanovu su aspiracijski i nemaju financijski osnov. ...

Prema tome, nakon što je razmotrio stanje u kompaniji u državnom vlasništvu Teleradio-Moldova, ACC smatra sljedeće:

Kontinuirana praksa promjene direktorâ i pritiska na kreativno osoblje, što se tumači kao primjena cenzure, nisu kompatiblini s aktivnostima kreativne radne snage.

Statut kompanije u državnom vlasništvu Teleradio-Moldova i moguće buduće stvaranje javnih funkcija u televizijskom i radijskom emitiranju treba se javno razmotriti.

Odredbe Statuta moraju se strogo poštovati unutar kompanije, čija je odgovornost da uspostavi Upravni odbor u formi kolegija.

Defonitivnu odluku u pogledu osiguravanja jače opreme i financiranja, uključujući naknade, trebaju donijeti Parlament i Vlada.

Statut i sastav Umjetničke komisije televizije i radija, te instrukcije za pripremu i pokretanje programa, moraju se ponovo razmotriti. Mora se omogućiti stalna revizija zakonodavstva vezanog za audiovizuelni sektor, uz punu odgovornost.

Procedure obuke i reorijentacije osoblja moraju se revidirati, te se moraju organizirati programi obuke u studijima u inostranstvu.”

G.  Transformacija TRM-a u javnu kompaniju i procedura vraćanja na dužnost

  1. Na dan 7. 6. 2002, Predsjednik Moldavije dao je saopćenje za javnost o TRM-u. Iskazao je rezerve vezane za Rezoluciju Parlamentarne skupštine Vijeća Evrope, kojom se traži od vlasti da državnu kompaniju TRM transformira u javnu (vidi stav 61. u daljem tekstu), ali je izjavio da će prihvatiti odluku Parlamenta u tom smislu.
  2. Na dan 26. 7. 2002, Parlament je usvojio Zakon br. 1320-XV o javnoj audiovizuelnoj ustanovi, “Teleradio-Moldova”, kojim je državna kompanija postala javna (vidi stav 65. u daljem tekstu).
  3. Prema novom zakonu, osoblje stare državne kompanije moralo je proći ispit da bi se zaposlilo u novoj javnoj kompaniji. Ispitna komisija uspostavljena je u maju 2004. Podnosilac Mircea Surdu odabran je da u Komisiji predstavlja postojeće TRM-ovo osoblje.
  4. Svi podnosioci pristupili su tom ispitu. Rezultati su javno obznanjeni 26. 7. 2004. Corina Fusu, Dinu Rusnac, Viorica Cucereanu-Bogatu i Angela Arama-Leahu nisu dobili potvrdu svojih pozicija, zajedno s velikim brojem drugih koji su bili aktivni tokom štrajka 2002. godine. Mircea Surdu je iz protesta podnio ostavku na mjesto u Ispitnoj komisiji.
  5. Na dan 27. 7. 2004, novinari koji nisu ostali na svojim mjestima organizirali su konferenciju za štampu, na kojoj su ustvrdili da su otpušteni iz političkih razloga. Reportaža s te konferencije za štampu bila je planirana za vijesti u 19:00. Međutim, predsjednik TRM-a donio je odluku da se umjesto toga emitira dokumentarni film o prirodi.
  6. Istog tog dana, predsjednik TRM-a izdao je nalog kojim se 19 osoba koje su učestvovale u toj konferenciji za štampu, uključujući pet podnosilaca ove predstavke, zabranjue ulazak u objekte TRM-a. Novinari i oni koji su im davali podršku nastavili su proteste ispred zgrade TRM-a narednih sedam mjeseci.

H.  Sudski spor vezan za proceduru vraćanja na dužnost

  1. Podnosioci Corina Fusu, Angela Aramă-Leahu, Dinu Rusnac i još 57 osoba žalili su se Upravnom vijeću Žalbenog suda Kišnjeva, u vezi s nezakonitošću procedure vraćanja na dužnost, tvrdeći naročito da je Ispitni odbor nezakonito uspostavljen.
  2. Presudom od 24. 9. 2004, Žalbeni sud Kišnjeva odbacio je žalbu kao neosnovanu. Zaključio je, između ostalog, da je Ispitni odbor ustanovljen u skladu sa Zakonom br. 1320-XV od 26. 7. 2002, te da taj Zakon podnosiocima ne daje nikakva posebna prava vezana za organizaciju ispita. TRM je postupao u skladu sa svojim diskrecionim ovlaštenjima na osnovu zakona, te nema nikakvog prava da se osporavaju zakonske odredbe.
  3. Na dan 16. 3. 2005, Vrhovni sud pravde je žalbu odbacio kao neosnovanu.

II.  PRINCIPI I SMJERNICE O JAVNOM RADIOTELEVIZIJSKOM SERVISU KOJE JE IZRADIO KOMITET MINISTARA VIJEĆA EVROPE

  1. Na Četvrtoj evropskoj ministarskoj konferenciji o medijskoj politici, održanoj u Pragu 7. i 8. 12. 1994, Komitet ministara usvojio je sljedeće rezolucije:

Rezolucija br. 1, o budnućnosti javnog emiterskog servisa

...

  1. Komitet ministara je 1996. usvojio Rezoluciju br. R(96)10, pod naslovom “Garancija nezavisnosti javnog emiterskog servisa” ...
  2. U decembru 2000. godine, Komitet ministara usvojio je Rezoluciju Rec(2000)23 pod naslovom “Nezavisnost i funkcije regulatornih vlasti za sektor radiotelevizije” koji, između ostalog, naglašava da je za garanciju postojanja širokog spektra nezavisnih i autonomnih medija u sektoru emitiranja, neophodno osigurati adekvatne i proporcionalne propise, da bi se garantirala sloboda medija, a u isto vrijeme osiguravala ravnoteža između te slobode i drugih legitimnih prava i interesa. ...
  3. Komitet ministara je 27. 9. 2006. usvojio “Deklaraciju o garanciji nezavisnosti javnog emiterskog servisa u državama članocama” ...

III. DOMAĆI ZAKON I PRAKSA

A. Lijekovi  za osporavanje domaćeg zakona u smislu nekompatibilnosti s Konvencijom

  1. Po odjeljku 4. Zakona o upravnom postupku (Zakon br. 793-XIV od 10. 2. 2000), statuti i regulatorne administrativne uredbe, nalozi i odluke Predsjednika i Vlade ne podliježu sudskoj reviziji; podliježu potvrdi ustavnosti. Revizija ustavnosti poduzima se samo kad se takav predmet uputi Ustavnom sudu (odjeljak 4. Zakona o Ustavnom sudu, Zakon br. 317XIII, 13. 12. 1994). Ne postoji mogućnost obraćanja Ustavnom sudu pojedinačnim zahtjevom. Osobe i institucije koje imaju pravo da upute predmet Ustavnom sudu iscrpno su navedene u odjeljku 2. Zakona u Ustavnom sudu, te članu 38. Zakonika o ustavnoj nadležnosti, koji predviđa sljedeće:

“Pravo upućivanja predmeta Ustavnom sudu imaju:

(a)  Predsjednik Republike Moldavije;

(b)  Vlada;

(c)   Ministar pravde;

(d)  Vrhovi sud;

(e)   Ekonomski tribunal;

(f)   Glavni tužilac;

(g)   član Parlamenta;

(h)  parlamentarna grupa;

(i)    Ombudsman;

(j)    Narodna skupština Gagauzije (Gagauz-Yeri) ...”

B. Ustavne odredbe relevantne za audiovizuelno emitiranje

  1. Sloboda izražavanja zagarantirana je Ustavom, kako slijedi:

“Član 32. Sloboda mišljenja i izražavanja

(1)   Svim građanima je garantirana sloboda mišljenja, kao i sloboda javnog iskazivanja misli i mišljenja, putem riječi, slike, ili na bilo koji drugi mogući način.

(2)  Uživanje slobode izražavanja ne smije nanijeti štetu časti, dostojanstvu ili pravima drugih ljudi da imaju i iskažu sopstvena mišljenja ili sudove.

(3)   Zakon zabranjuje i krivično goni sve radnje kojima je cilj negiranje ili klevetanje države i naroda. Poticanje na pobunu, rat, agresiju, etničku, rasnu ili vjersku mržnju, podsticanje na diskriminaciju, teritorijalni separatizam, javno nasilje ili druge radnje koje predstvljaju prijetnju ustavnom porektu također su zabranjene i podliježu krivičnom gonjenju.”

C.  Zakon o audiovizuelnom emitiranju (1995.)

  1. Zakon o audiovizuelnom emitiranju (Zakon br. 603-XIII od 3. 10. 1995.) uspostavlja standarde slobode izražavanja u audiovizuelnom emitiranju, kako slijedi:

“Član 2.

(3)  Audiovizuelne ustanove ne podliježu cenzuri.

Član 3.

Sloboda audiovizuelnog izražavanja podrazumijeva strogo poštivanje Ustava i ne može se uživati na štetu dostojanstva, časti, privatnog života ili lika druge osobe.

Član 6.

(1)  Država garantira sve neophodne uslove za aktivnosti javnih audiovizuelnih ustanova.

(2)  Džava garantira da će se javnim audiovizuelnim ustanovama osigurati tehnička oprema potrebna za njihovo emitiranje.

Član 29.

Novinar iz audiovizuelne ustanove koji postupa u ime te ustanove ima pravo:

...

(h)  pristupa sudovima na svim nivoima.

  1. Zakon uspostavlja i Vijeće za audiovizuelnu koordinaciju (“ACC”):

“Član 31.

(1) Vijeće za audiovizuelnu koordinaciju čini devet članova, koje imenuju:

(a)  Parlament – tri člana (uključujući jednog stručnjaka za audiovizuelno emitiranje);

(b) Predsjednik Republike Moldavije – tri člana (uključujući jednog stručnjaka za audiovizuelno emitiranje);

(c)  Vlada – tri člana (uključujući jednog stručnjaka za telekomunikacije). ...”

D.  Osnivanje TRM-a kao državnog emitera

  1. TRM je osnovan 11. 3. 1994, Predsjedničkim ukazom br. 63, koji predviđa:

“Član 1.

Državna radiotelevizija se likvidira.

Član 2.

Osnova se državna kompanija pod nazivom Teleradio-Moldova.

Član 4.

Upravljanje državnom kompanijom Teleradio-Moldova ostvaruje predsjednik kompanije, a koordinaciju aktivnosti kompanije obavlja Vijeće za koordinaciju.”

  1. Statut TRM-a izmijenjen je Vladinom odlukom br. 502, od 12. 9. 1996, o Statutu državne kompanije “Teleradio-Moldova”. Odluka kaže:

“Član 2.

Ova kompanija je javna audiovizuelna ustanova. Kreativna i uređivačka aktivnost kompanije zakonom je zaštićena od miješanja javnih vlasti i pritiska političkih stranaka.

Član 3.

Teleradio-Moldova ima status državne kompanije.

Član 4.

Osnivač kompanije je Vlada, u ime države Republike Moldavije. Aktivnost kompanije obavlja država kroz Vijeće za audiovizuelnu koordinaciju.

Član 10.

Kompanija ima sljedeće ciljeve:

Da pruži istinite i objektivne informacije o društveno-političkom, ekonomskom i kulturnom životu zemlje, te o vanjskim odnosima države;

Da promovira interese svih slojeva društva, da širi vrijednosti mira i humanizma, demokratske vrijednosti i poštivanje ljudskih prava;

Da stvara, akumulira, čuva i promovira kulturne i umjetničke vrijednosti.

Član 20.

Stvaralačka i urednčka aktivnost kompanije je nezavisna. Televizijski i radijski programi zakonom su zaštićeni od miješanja javnih vlasti i pritiska bilo koje političke stranke.

Član 22.

Kompanija je obavezna:

da objektivno i nepristrasno predstavlja realije nacionalnog i društveno-političkog života; da osigura pravo naroda na informacije; da promovira autentične vrijednosti nacionalne kulture, kulture nacionalnih manjina, kao i univerzalne kulture; da osigura slobodu izražavanja, slobodu misli i slobodu distribucije informacija;

da osigura poštivanje prava novinara u skladu s domaćim zakonodavstvom i međunarodnom praksom; da u svojim emisijama osigura prisustvo osoba različitih političkih i vjerskih stavova;

da daje prioritet i besplatno emitira javna saopćenja Parlamenta, Vlade i Predsjednika Moldavije ...

Član 23.

Istraživanje i stvaranje podjedinica unutar kompanije osigurava pravo novinara na mišljenje i na sopstveni stav. Kompanija ne može obavezati novinara da promovira bilo kakve ideje koje su suprotne njegovim ili njenim moralnim vrijednostima.

Član 24.

Programi koje kompanija emitira ne smiju propagirati rat, agresiju, etničku, rasnu, klasnu ili vjersku mržnju, nasilne antidržavne akcije, terorizam, javni neposluh, teritorijalni separatizam ili bilo kakve ideje ili mišljenja suprotna moralnim standardima.

Član 30.

Predsjednika kompanije, generalnog direktora Televizije i generalnog direktora Radija imenuje Parlament, na prijedlog Vijeća za audiovizuelnu koordinaciju ili po sopstvenoj inicijativi. Mandat traje pet godina. Potpredsjednika kompanije imenuje Vijeće za audiovizuelnu koordinaciju, na prijedlog predsjednika kompanije, na mandat od pet godina.

Član 31.

Predsjednik kompanije: vodi kompaniju; ...

zapošljava i otpušta uposlenike kompanije; nadzire aktivnosti Upravnog odbora kompanije; ...

Član 33.

Upravni odbor je konsultativno administrativno tijelo kompanije u formi kolegija.

Čini ga trinaest članova, koji postupaju u skladu s Pravilima Upravnog odbora.

Član 34.

Predsjednik kompanije automatski je član Upravnog odbora. Ostali članovi su predstavnici Vlade i Vijeća za audiovizuelnu koordinaciju.”

E.  Transformacija TRM-a u javnu kompaniju

1.  Preporuke i izvještaji Vijeća Evrope u vezi s prijedlogom da se TRM transformira u javni emiterski servis

  1. Parlamentarna skupština je 24. 4. 2002. usvojila Rezoluciju 1280(2002) pod naslovom “Funkcioniranje demokratskih institucija u Moldaviji” koja, između ostalog, kaže:

“1.  Parlamentarna skupština izražava veliku zabrinutost zbog događaja koji se dešavaju u Moldaviji od januara 2002. godine, i svoju uznemirenost kontinuiranim pogoršavanjem i radikalizacijom tamošnje političke klime, što predstavlja prijetnju stabilnosti zemlje.

2.  Demonstracije u organizaciji Demokršćanske narodne stranke (CDPP) u centru grada Kišnjev traju već tri i po mjeseca. ...

7.  Skupština primjećuje da razmjeri protesta novinara i osoblja Teleradio-Moldove pocrtavaju potrebu da se reforma izvrši brzo, tako da se u potpunosti garantira sloboda izražavanja i promovira javni emiterski servis. Od vlasti traži da okončaju praksu cenzure televizijskih programa, te da svim opozicionim političkim strankama, i unutar i izvan parlamenta, pruže velikodušan pristup debatnim prgramima. Od Vlade i Parlamenta Moldavije traži da bez odlaganja krene s radom na transformaciji Teleradio-Moldove u nezavisnu javnu korporaciju. ...

10. Skupština od moldavskih političkih snaga očekuje da krenu u nepatvoren, konstruktivan dijalog i da se usaglase oko kompromisa koji bi trebao sadržavati sljedeće elemente: ...

iv.  reviziju zakonodavstva o radiju i televiziji i izmjena statusa TeleradioMoldove tako da ona postane nezavisna javna korporacija; najskoriji početak rada relevantne parlamentarne komisije; mogući nastavak razmatranja nacrta zakona koje je razmotrilo prethodno zakonodavno tijelo; ... [završetak rada] do kraja tekuće parlamentarne sesije, 31. 7. 2002;

11. Skupština poziva moldavsku Vladu i Parlament da bez odlaganja poduzme gore navedene mjere. ...

14. Skupština poziva moldavske vlasti da u potpunosti sarađuju s Vijećem Evrope i njegovim tijelima, a naročito: ...

ii. da na stručnu analizu Vijeća Evrope predoči sve buduće nacrte i prijedloge zakona za reformu radiodifuzije i transformacije državne kompanije Teleradio Moldova u nezavisni javni emiterski servis; ...”

  1. Istog dana, Parlamentarna skupština usvojila je i jednu preporuku, br. 1554(2002), pod naslovom “Funkcioniranje demokratskih institucija u Moldaviji” koja, između ostalog, sadrži sljedeći zahtjev:

“5. Skupština također traži od Komiteta ministara da ojača saradnju s moldavskim vlastima u pogledu:

i.   brze ekspertne ocjene predstojećih prijedloga zakona o reformi radiodifuzije i transformacije državne kompanije Teleradio Moldova u nezavisnu korporacioju javnog servisa; ...”

  1. Nakon prepiske između moldavskih vlasti i Generalnog sekretara Vijeća Evrope, ekspert Karol Jakubowicz, rukovodilac Odjela za strateško planiranje i razvoj Televizije Poljske, obavio je pismenu analizu Vladinog nacrta zakona o javnom emiterskom servisu u Moldovi. U svom završnom izvještaju od 22. 7. 2002, (ATCM (2002) 19), g. Jakubowicz, između ostalog, kaže:

“[Vladin nacrt] ... predviđa brojne oblike direktnog političkog miješanja u aktivnosti [emiterske organizacije]:

- Obaveza iz člana 4(2) i člana 6(1) da se distribuiraju “communications d’intérêt public, reçues des autorités publiques” [saopćenja od interesa za javnost, koja se dobiju od javnih vlasti] i da se, po zahtjevu, javnim vlastima i organima javne uprave daje prostor u programu za prenošenje takvih saopženja, bez bilo kakvog ograničenja u pogledu sadržaja, prirode i razloga za njihovo prenošenje.

- Imenovanje članova “Posmatračkog vijeća” koje direktno vrši Parlament, Predsjednik i Vlada - član 13(2).

- Mogućnost da ih u bilo kom trenutku smijeni tijelo koje ih je imenovalo, u sljučaju “kršenja Zakona o audiovizuelnom emitiranju”, tj. praktično uz bilo kakvo obrazloženje – član 13(5).

- Zahtjev da pravilnik Vijeća posmatrača mora odobriti Parlament – član 13(7).

- Generalnog direktora imenuje Parlament, koji ga može i otpustiti, po zahtjevu Vijeća posmatrača – član 19.

- Pravo specijalne parlamentarne komisije da zahtijeva pismeno objašnjenje bilo kakvog postupka javnog emitera koji po mišljenju Parlamenta krši zakon, te zahtjev, zajedno s CCA, da se takvo kršenje ispravi.

Ove predložene odredbe teško da se mogu prihvatiti kao usaglašene s Preporukom br. R (96)10 Komiteta ministara Vijeća Evrope o garanciji nezavisnosti javnog emiterskog servisa, ili s članom 10. Evropske konvencije o ljudskim pravima. Odredba člana 10, da sloboda govora treba da se uživa “bez miješanja javne vlasti” naročito se odnosi na miješanja koja nameće država, ili javna vlast, ili zvaničnik. Uz to, Evropski sud za ljudska prava potvrđuje da u određenim slučajevima Konvencija može nametati pozitivnu obavezu države da spriječi, uredi ili ograniči miješanje privatnih lica ili tijela u slobodu izražavanja. Istinsko, efektivno uživanje slobode izražavanja i informacija ne zavisi smao od dužnosti države da se ne miješa, već može tražiti i pozitivne mjere kojima će se pomoći da se stimulira ili zaštiti i brani sloboda izražavanja. Od država potpisnica se očekuje da su pod obavezom da poduzmu neophodne mjere zaštite i promocije slobode izražavanja koju uživaju mas-mediji i novinari. Gore navedene odredbe ne mogu se pomiriti s tim obavezama, jer se koncentriraju na stvaranje pozitivnih razloga da političke vlasti interveniraju u radu javnog emiterskog servisa na načine koji stvaraju stvarnu mogućnost ograničavanja njegove slobode.”

  1. Druga analiza g. Jakubowicza, od 18. 12. 2002. (ATCM (2002) 30), prvenstveno se bavila prijedlozima za sastav TRM-ovog upravnog tijela, “Posmatračkog vijeća”. Pozvao se na smjernice date u Prilogu uz Preporuku Komiteta ministara br. R (96) 10 (vidi stav 51. u gornjem tekstu), da pravila o statusu i članstvu nadzornih tijela u organizacijama javnog emiterskog servisa trebaju biti izrađena tako da se izbjegava izlaganje tih tijela riziku od političkog i drugog miješanja, te primjećuje da postoje dva moguća modela za sastav i način imenovanja članova tijela kakvo je nadzorno vijeće:

“-  Po prvom modelu, identificirane institucije i grupe u građanskom društvu ovlaštene su da delegiraju predstavnika po svom izboru u Vijeće za radiodifuziju, na određeni period (npr. četiri godine). Primjeri takvih grupa su crkve, univerziteti, teatri, autori, novinari, muzičari, zemljoradnici, žene, mladi, sportski savezi, zaštitari čovjekove okoline, poslodavci, sindikati itd.

-  Po drugom modelu, fiksni broj članova (npr. devet ili dvanaest) imenuje Parlamenti, ili nekoliko javnih ustanova (npr. jednu trećinu Parlament, jednu trećinu Vlada, jednu trećinu Predsjednik). Pošto članovi Vijeća za radiodifuziju predstavljaju interese građanskog društva, mora se uložiti poseban napor da se osigura da oni u stvarnosti ne predstavljaju političke stavove i interese onih koj su ih imenovali ...

U društveno-političkim uslovima zemlje u tranziciju, drugi model sadrži potencijalnu kontradikciju: mogu li pojedinci koje imenuje Parlament, ili Parlament, Vlada i Predsjednik, zaista predstavljati građansko društvo, ili interese društva u cjelini? U uslovima ekstremne politizacije javnog života, može li se računati s tim da oni koji su politički imenovani NEĆE zastupati političke stavove i interese onih koji su ih imenovali?

Pošto je rizik da će upravo to uradidi izuzetno velik, smatramo da bi prednost trebalo dati prvom modelu.

Naravno, bez obzira na sve zakonske mjere predostrožnosti, niko ne može kontrolirati koga članovi Vijeća pojedinačno žele slušati i čije će stavove željeti da slijede. Iz tog razloga je bitno da sastav Vijeća bude što je moguće više pluralistički, tako da potencijalni uticaji pod kojima bi članovi Vijeaća mogli biti budu što je moguće raznovrsniji. ...”

2.  Zakon br. 1320-XV TRM i njegove izmjene

  1. S ciljem transformiranja TRM-a u organizaciju javnog emiterskog servisa, 26. 7. 2002. je Parlament usvojio Zakon br. 1320-XVTRM o Javnoj nacionalnoj emiterskoj kompaniji Teleradio-Moldova. Zakon koji nije uzeo u obzir preporuke eksperta Vijeća Evrope (vidi stavove 63-64. u gornjem tekstu) predviđa sljedeće:

“Član 1.

Ovim se osniva nacionalna javna audiovizuelna ustanova – kompanija TeleradioMoldova. Ustanova ima svojstvo pravnog lica, s funkcionalnom autonomijom i uređivačkom nezavisnošću, čime se osigurava pravo na slobodu davanja istinitih i objektivnih informacija na cijeloj teritoriji Republike Moldavije ...

Član 5.

(2) Kompanija mora osigurati veliku raznovrsnost programa koji pokrivaju interesovanja različitih socijalnih, nacionalnih, vjerskih i političkih kategorija.

(3)  Kompanija mora osigurati poštivanje principa objektivnosti i nepristrasnosti u sklopu svojih informativnih i dokumentarnih emisija.

Član 13.

(1)  Posmatračko vijeće kompanije je autonomno tijelo odgovorno za osiguravanje poštivanja prava naroda i društva da prima istinitu potpunu i objektivnu informaciju. Zaduženo je za monitoring poštivanja zakona i statuta kompanije.

(2)  Posmatračko vijeće sastoji se od 15 članova, koji su poznate ličnosti iz sfera kulture, nauke, obrazovanja, medija i dr. Mandat traje pet godina, a imenuje ih:

(a)  Parlament – dva člana (jedan iz opozicije) ...;

(b)  Predsjednik Republike Moldavije – dva člana;

(c)  Vlada – dva člana;

(d)  Visoko sudačko vijeće – jedan član;

(e)  kreativno osoblje kompanije – jedan član;

(f)   organizacije nacionalnih manjina – dva člana;

(g) Savez sindikata Moldavije – jedan član;

(h) Savez slobodnih sindikata Solidarnost – jedan član;

(i)  kreativni sindikati (Sindikat pisaca, Sindikat lijepih umjetnosti, Sindikat filmskih radnika, Sindikat kompozitora, Sindikat pozorišnih radnika) – jedan član;

(j) medijske organizacije (Sindikat novinara, Udruženje slobodne štampe, Udruženje elektronske štampe, Komitet za slobodu štampe, Centar nezavisnog novinarstva, Udruženje mas-medija) – jedan član; (k)  Udruženje veterana – jedan član.

Član 14.

Posmatračko vijeće:

imenuje predsjednika kompanije, potpredsjednika, izvršnog diraktora Televizije i

izvršnog direktora Radija; potvrđuje sastav Upravnog odbora;

Član 20.

Nadzor nad aktivnostima kompanije

(1)  Nadzor nad aktivnostima kompanije vrši Posmatračko vijeće.

(2)   Ako Posmatračko vijeće ne obavlja valjano svoje nadzorne dužnosti, Parlament može, putem specijalne parlamentarne komisije, tražiti od bilo kog organa kompanije pismene informacije o radnjama ili propustima koji, po mišljenju Parlamenta, predstavljaju kršenje ovg Zakona. Specijalnu parlamentarnu komisiju čine predstavnici svih parlamentarnih grupacija, koji će biti zastupljeni proporcionalno zastupljenosti njihovih stranaka u Parlamentu.

...

(4) Parlament može, zajedno s Vijećem za audiovizuelnu koordinaciju, naložiti kompaniji da poduzme odgovarajuće mjere da ukloni utvrđeno kršenje zakona.

(5) Kompanija ima pravo da pred sudom, u skladu s važećim zakonodavstvom, ospori zakonitost primljenih naloga...

...

(7) Niti jedna mjera poduzeta u skladu s ovim članom ne ugrožava slobodu informacija kompanije, niti pravo na slobodu izražavanja.”

  1. Komitet ministara je 18. 9. 2002. usvojio Odgovor na Preporuku Parlamentarne skupštine br. 1554 (vidi stav 61. u gornjem tekstu), u kojem se, između ostalog, kaže da je status TRM-a i dalje razlog za zabrinutost. Mada Zakon br. 1320-XV predstavlja napredak, predviđa brojne oblike direktnog političkog miješanja u aktivnosti TRM-a, kako je na to u svojoj analizi ukazao g. Jakubowicz. Komitet ministara naglašava da odredbe nisu usklađene sa standardima Vijeća Evrope, te da postoji rizik da budu u suprotnosti sa članom 10. Konvencije.
  2. Na dan 26. 9. 2002, Parlamentarna skupština usvojila je dodatnu rezoluciju o funkcioniranju demokratskih institucija u Moldaviji, br. 1303 (2002.), u kojoj poziva moldavske vlasti da “revidiraju, tokom jeseni 2002, zakon o nacionalnoj javnoj emiterskoj kompaniji Teleradio-Moldova, tako što će u diskusije istinski uključiti građansko društvo, udruženja koja predstavljaju medije i političku opoziciju, te tako što će uzeti u obzir preporuke eksperata Vijeća Evrope. Naročito traži da “revizija odredbi o sastavu, imenovanju i ovlaštenjima Posmatračkog vijeća bude predmet najširih mogućih konsultacija ...”
  3. Vlada je nakon toga odlučila da Zakon br. 1320-XV nije bio dovoljan da se u potpunosti izvrši transformacija TRM-a, pa je izrađen nacrt izmjena, koji je, uz brojne sitne izmjene, sadržao i prijedlog za likvidaciju postojećeg TRM-a i uspostavljanje nove organizacije pod istim imenom.
  4. G. Jakubowicz objavio je 24 10. 2003. analizu nacrta izmjene zakona (ATCM(2003)025), u kojoj je iznio sljedeće opservacije:

“... Zakon koji je trenutno na snazi sadrži samo osnovne odredbe vezane za status kompanije kao javnog emiterskog servisa i opis njenih institucionalnih aranžmana. Shodno tome, jasno je bilo da će se morati mijenjati i proširiti, da se stvori potpun i primjeren zakonski okvir za javni emiterski servis u Moldaviji – u skladu s Rezolucijom br. 1, “Budućnost javnih emiterskih servisa”, usvojenom na 4. Evropskoj ministarskoj konferenciji o mas-medijskoj politici (Prag, 7-8. 12. 1994.); Preporukom br. R(96)10 Komiteta ministara državama članaicama, o garanciji nezavisnosti javnog emiterskog servisa, te Preporukom Rec(2003)9 Komiteta ministara državama članicama, o mjerama promocije demokratskog i društvenog doprinosa digitalnog emitiranja.

Pojavljuje se, shodno tome, pitanje da li predložene izmjene zadovoljavaju taj cilj.

ZAKLJUČAK

Osim prijedloga za likvidaciju postojeće kompanije Teleradio-Moldova i osnivanja nove organizacije istog imena umjesto nje, izmjene sadrže relativno minorne stvari. ...

Shodno tome, ne može se smatrati da ove izmjene upotpunjavaju nastojanje da se u potpunosti uredi Teleradio-Moldova, da se garantiraju njeno ispravno funkcioniranje, nezavisnost, autonomija i financiranje, te da se stvori pravna sigurnost kompanije. Izmjene mijenjaju suštinski malo u smislu načina na koji Teleradio-Moldova djeluje kao javni emiterski servis. ...

Po izmjenama, plan je da se (i) likvidira državna kompanija Teleradio-Moldova; (ii) otpuste svi uposlenici; i (iii) oduzme sva imovina (koja imovina će se prenijeti na novu Nacionalnu emitersku kompaniju Teleradio-Moldova će biti pitanje zasebne vladine odluke, a nema nikakvog roka do kad se ta odluka mora donijeti). Nije jasno da li ovo znači da Teleradio-Moldova treba da obustavi rad i u međuvremenu ništa ne emitira, ili ne. To se sigurno sugerira odredbom da će se svo osoblje otpustiti, ali možda postoji plan da se, bez obzira na to, nastavi s emitiranjem.

Izvršenje tog plana bilo bi izuzetno ometajuće i za Teleradio-Moldova i za njenu publiku. U isto vrijeme, nije jasno koja je suštinska svrha toga. Kako ćemo obrazložiti u daljem tekstu, u nacrtu izmjena nema ničega što ovo čini neizbježnim iz pravnog ugla. Uz to, čini se da likvidacija neće biti potpuna, jer nema odredbe o imenovanju novog Nadzornog vijeća ili Upravnog odbora, niti novog predsjednika. Ako rukovodna tijela organizacije ostaju, onda nema prave likvidacije, već samo masovno otpuštanje uposlenika pod krinkom likvidacije. ...”

  1. Parlament je ipak ovaj zakon usvojio 17. 10. 2003. TRM je 26. 7. 2004. registriran u Državnom registru kao javna kompanija, a emitiranje po novom statutu počinje 8. 8. 2004.
  2. Parlamentarna skupština je 4. 10. 2005. usvojila Rezoluciju 1465 (2005) o funkcioniranju demokratskih institucija u Moldaviju, u kojoj, između ostalog, znosi sljedeće opservacije:

“6.  ... Međutim, istinsko učešće građanskog društva traži pluralistički i dinamičan sektor medija, naročito kad je u pitanju televizija. Moraju se stvoriti i uslovi za istinski nezavisan i profesionalan javni emiterski servis.

...

14.  Skupština nadalje poziva moldavske vlasti da, u pogledu zaštite ljudskih prava...

14.1.1.  revidiraju zakonodavstvo koje uređuje javno emitiranje (i na državnom i na lokalnom nivou) i audiovizuelni sektor generalno;

14.1.2. nastoje da se Teleradio Moldova transformira u pravog javnog emitera, kako je to definirano Preporukom Skupštine 1641 (2004.) o javnim emiterskim servisima;

...”

F.  Izvještaji u vezi s navodnim neprimjerenim političkim uticajem na TRM

1.  Posmatrači iz međuvladinih organizacija

  1. U januaru 2004, Specijalni predstavnik Generalnog sekretara Vijeća Evrope u Moldaviji je medijima u Moldaviji dao sljedeći izvještaj:

“Ustav Republike Moldavije garantira slobodu izražavanja i slobodu štampe. Međutim, situacija s medijima u Moldaviji jedno je od područja koje značajno brine određeni broj ambasada u Kišnjevu, kao i nevladine organizacije. U protekle dvije godine, pritisak vlasti na nezavisne mas-medije je porastao, paralelno s podrškom državnim publikacijama.

Situacija s elektronskim medijima vrlo je bitna, imajući u vidu da je u ruralnim područjima, gdje živi otprilike pola stanovništva Republike Moldavije, pristup informacijama vrlo ograničen. Novinski kiosci skoro da ne postoje, a štampa tamo stiže uz kašnjenje od skoro sedam dana. Radio je osnovni izvor informacija.

Opozicija nije adekvatno zastupljena u programima. Otpuštanja novinara su učestala.

- Jedan od spektakularnih primjera cenzure na nacionalnoj televiziji je zabrana emitiranja popularne kontakt-emisije Buna Seara 28. 11. prošle godine, kad su bili pozvani lideri parlamentarnig grupacija Stepaniuc, Braghis i Rosca, Specijalni predstavnik Generalnog sekretara i glasnogovornik Misije OSCE-a. Tri sata prije početka emisije, predsjedavajući TRM-a Efremov zvanično je obavijestio Specijalnog predstavnika Generalnog seketara da se emisija neće prikazati, jer je lider većine odlučio da neće učestvovati.

- Postoji saglasnost među političkim snagama da televizijski kanal Moldova 1 mora da prikaže prvih 30 minuta Stalnog okruglog stola bez bilo kakvih rezova. Ova obaveza nije ispoštovana tokom 12. sastanka, a objašnjenje je bilo da je pojavljivanje u emisiji Sat za opoziciju tri dana ranije bilo dovoljno za tu sedmicu. Izvještaj koji je objavljen u vijestima tog istog dana delikatno je izbjegao većinu izjava koje su sadržavale kritike usmjerene ka vlastima.

- Sama emisija Sat za opoziciju, koja izgleda kao monolog opozicije, kako se čini, ne doprinosi mnogo dijalogu s većinom. Ono što nam treba je istinska debata. ...”

  1. Predstavnik Organizacije za sigurnost i saradnju u Evropi (OSCE) za slobodu medija po drugi put je posjetio Kišnjev od 18. do 21. 10. 2004, na poziv Vlade. Svrha posjete bila je da se ocijeni trenutno stanje medijskih sloboda u zemlji, te da se vlastima daju preporuke. Predstavnik se sastao sa zvaničnicima vlasti, parlamentarcima, novinarima i predstavnicima nevladinih organizacija. Svoje “Opservacije i preporuke” objavio je 16. 12. 2004, i u njima, između ostalog, kaže:

Pozitivne promjene – pluralizam ...

Postoje određene vidljive promjene u situaciji moldavskih medija.

Sveukupno gledano, medijski pluralizam je u Moldaviji izuzetno razvijen, i u smislu kvantiteta medija i u smislu različitih stavova koji se zastupaju (mada je raznovrsnost po obje ove tačke više prisutna u štampanim medijima nego u elektronskim). Političari na svim nivoima redovno su u medijima izloženi kritici; nezavisne TV i radio-stanice vrlo su otvorene u svojim komentarima o vlastima. Postoji i otvorena debata o razvoju samih medija; tu debatu ministar vanjskih poslova opisuje kao “transparentnu”. ...

Moldavija je bila i jedna od prvih zemalja u regiji koje su svoju državnu radioteleviziju transformirali u javni servis.

Međutim, većina sagovornika slaže se da postoji nekoliko neriješenih medijskih problema koji se u skorijoj budućnosti moraju otkloniti. Neki od nedostataka, kako to kaže vođa parlamentarne opozicije Braghis, “rezultat su sve veće demokracije”. U tom smislu, OSCE je trebao više da se uključi u pitanja medija. Ministar vanjskih poslova kazao je i da “Moldavija ima nekih nedostataka u polju medija, ali to nije namjerno. I druge evropske države imaju nedostataka. Ne želimo krenuti pogrešnim putem i upravo zato smo zahvalni za svaku preporuku OSCE-a i drugih međunarodnih organizacija”.

Svrha ovog izvještaja je da ponudi takve preporuke, na osnovu opservacija nastalih tokom posjete.

Opće stanje u polju emitiranja

Ne može biti istinskog pluralizma ako nema konkurentnih domaćih kanala koji pokrivaju cijelu zemlju. U takvoj situaciji, potreban je transparentan tender za još jednu frekvenciju koja će pokrivati cijelu zemlju.

U ovom trenutku postoje samo tri emitera koji pokrivaju cijelu zemlju, a samo jedan od njih – javna kompanija Teleradio Moldova (TRM) – je moldavski kanal u smislu sadržaja. Druga dva kanala ponavljaju program susjednih zemalja: Rumunije i Ruske Federacije.

Čini se jasno da postoji i četvrta frekvencija koja pokriva cijelu zemlju; međutim, tijelo za licenciranje je 2002. obustavilo izdavanje te frekvencije. Tender za treći državni kanal – koji ponavlja program jedne ruske mreže – objavljen je 15. 10. 2004; međutim, tender za četvrtu nije ponovljen. Za dodatne informacije o problemu transparentnosti u licenciranju, vidi poglavlje o Vijeću za audiovizuelne komunikacije.

Situacija vezana za TRM

Previše Vlade, premalo drugih glasova

Mada zvanično jeste transformiran iz državnog emitera u autonomnu instituciju javnog servisa, TRM u stvarnosti i dalje naginje ka Vladi. Većina političkih emisija, kako izvještaji ukaziju, su vijesti o vladajućoj stranci ili vijesti kojima je ona izvor. U takvoj situaciji, kad je TRM jedini domaći emiter koji pokriva cijelu zemlju, još je značajnije da se o političkim događajima izvještava balansirano. TRM tek treba da ispuni svoju obavezu javnog emiterskog servisa.

Sam TRM ne radi nikakav monitoring sadržaja, bez obzira na činjenicu da je to propisano Zakonom o Nacionalnoj javnoj emiterskoj kompaniji Teleradio Moldova. Objašnjenje koje daje rukovodstvo TRMa je nedstatak resursa da se proizvode trake sa snimcima potrebnim u te svrhe. Međutim, činjenica je da je Nadzorni odbor taj koji je trebao barem pokušati da nametne takav monitoring. Objašnjavajući to što ga monitoring ne brine, Nadzorni odbor kaže da bi u inicijalnom periodu, kad the TRM tek počeo raditi kao javni servis, bilo zbunjujuće raditi bilo kakav monitoring.

Rezultat toga je da je samo NVO zajednica radila takav monitoring. Njihove nalaze snažno osporavaju rukovodstvo TRM-a, Nadzorni odbor i zvaničnici vladajuće stranke. Tačno je da je NVO monitoring rađen kvantitativno. Metoda “štoperice” jeste nesumnjivo gruba i ne može pokazati nijanse u programskoj šemi. Međutim, taj metod jeste dovoljno dobar da pokaže da je od transformacije TRM-a program vijesti neproporcionalno usmjeren na Vladu ili da dolazi od Vlade.

Radni spor

I rukovodstvo TRM-a i CADUP, koji predstavlja novinare koji nisu uposleni u procesu transformacije iz državnog u javnog emitera, trebaju pregovorima usaglasiti kompromis.

Predstavnik OSCE-a i njegovo osoblje imali su nekoliko sastanaka s rukovodstvom TRM-a i s predstavnicima bivših novinara TRM-a koji nisu ponovo uposleni nakon što se TRM zvanično transformirao iz državnog u javnog emitera. Alexander Ivanko pratio je rad Komiteta za mirenje Teleradio Moldove, ustanovljenog da se bavi tim radnim sporom.

Uvod

U februraru 2002. su štrajkovi i protesti protiv navodne cenzure u TRM-u, koje je podržalo više od 300 uposlenika, pokrenuli u Moldaviji debatu o potrebi da se TRM transformira u javnog emitera. Uz vodstvo Vijeća Evrope uspostavljen je potrebni zakonski okvir.

Parlament je 26. 7. 2002. usvojio Zakon o Nacionalnoj javnoj emiterskoj kompaniji Teleradio Moldova. Zakon je revidiran 13. 3. 2003, nakon kritike Vijeća Evrope. Zakon je ponovo mijenjan 13. 11. 2003, ovaj put s ciljem da se likvidira prethodni državni emiter. To je značilo da novoustanovljena državna komanija ne bi bila pod obvezom da zaposli svo osoblje državnog emitera. Po izjavama nekoliko izvora, među osobljem TRM-a je postojao strah da će proces odabira viškom proglasiti one uposlenike koji su bili najaktivniji tokom protesta u februaru 2002. i koji su vodili kampanju za transformaciju TRM-a u nezavisnog javnog emitera.

Komisija za odabir, koju su činila tri člana po prijedlogu Administrativnog odbora, tri člana po prijedlogu Nadzornog odbora i jedan po izobru osoblja TRM-a, ustanovljena je 30. 4. 2004. Komisija je do 7. 8. 2004. odabrala novo osoblje.

907 ljudi dobilo je ponudu za novi ugovor, a 980 ga je potpisalo, i 140 mjesta je ostalo upražnjeno. Komisija za odabir, shodno tome, nije bila završila s radom. Otpušteno je otprilike 190 ljudi.

Nakon što su 27. 7. objavljeni rezultati odabira za nove redakcije, nezadovoljstvo uposlenika TRM-a načinom na koji je proces obavljen preraslo je u javni protest. Grupa uposlenika TRM-a je 27. 7. osnovala Komitet za zaštitu ljudskog i profesionalnog dostojanstva i okupirala prostoriju u kojoj je komisija za odabir imala sastanke. Kao odgovor na to, TRM-ov menadžment je suspendirao ugovore za 19 uposlenika, a 30. 7. je policija protestantke uklonila iz zgrade.

Te demonstracije, u kojima su u jednom trenutku učestvovale hiljade ljudi, započele su kao protest protiv rezultata procesa odabira. Ključni zahtjev bio je da se proces ponovo uspostavi. Kasnije je taj zahtjev izmijenjen na povratak na situaciju prije početka procedure odabira. Modificirani zahtjev bi se teoretski mogao zadovoljiti bez ponovnog provođenja procesa, tako što će se ponuditi ugovor svim od 190 otpuštenih uposlenika.

Svi sagovornici su se složili da je situacija s TRM-om najznačajnije medijsko pitanje u zemlji. Činilo se da se svi slažu da bi jedini način da se ide naprijed bio kroz proces pregovora. Kako je to rekao ministar vanjskih poslova Stratan: “Mi želimo da se transformacija TRM-a obavi na demokratski način”. Međutim, nekoliko pitanja bi trebalo razmotriti.

Cijeli proces odabira je, kako se čini, obilježen nedostatkom razumjevanja onoga što takav proces zahtijeva. Mada je jasno da bi neki od uposlenika vjerovatno morali biti proglašeni viškom, kriteriji za odabir nisu bili jasno definirani, a sam odabir nije bio transparentan. Optužbe za političku pristrasnost ne mogu se odbaciti, uzimajući u obzir nedostatak transparentnosti u procesu odabira.

Stav TRM-ovog menadžmenta, barem inicijalno, nije bio konstruktivan i doveo je do masovnih protesta i do blokade situacije koja još uvijek nije riješena.

S druge strane, CADUP, izvorno formran da brani prava otpuštenih uposlenika, počeo je prvobitnim radnim zahtjevima dodavati i političke.

U toj situaciji, predstavnik OSCE-a, zajedno sa šefom Misije OSCE-a u Moldaviji i Specijalnim predstavnikom Generalnog sekretara Vijeća Evrope, predložio je gore pomenutom Komitetu za mirenje da bi trebalo formirati novu komisiju za odabir, po sljedećoj formuli:

-  dva člana komisije za odabir bi trebala imenovati administracija TeleradioMoldove;

-   dva člana komisije treba da imenuje CADUP;

-   tri člana komisije trebau biti imenovani konsenzusom Komisije za mirenje. Alternativno, jedan od ta tri člana bi trebao biti strani ekspert, kojeg bi posudili OSCE ili Vijeće Evrope.

U vrijeme pisanja ovog izvještaja, ovo pitanje još nije riješeno. Komisija za mirenje u TRM-u održala je samo dva sastanka u novembru. Na oba sastanka se razgovaralo o zajedničkom prijedlogu za novu komisiju za odabir, koji su 21. 10. predočili Ured predstavnika, Misija OSCE-a i Vijeće Evrope. Komisija nije došla do odluke u vezi s ovim zajedničkim prijedlogom. Što se tiče nedostatka napretka u radu Komisije, te nakon što su optužili menadžment TRM-a za “simuliranje dijaloga”, predstavnici novinara protestanata su se 25. 11. povukli iz Komisije za mirenje.

Nadzorni odbor TRM-a [u ovoj presudi se spominje i kao “Posmatračko vijeće”: vidi stav 65. u gornjem tekstu]

TRM-ov sadašnji Nadzorni odnor, mada ga teoretski u većini čini građansko društvo, ne predstavlja cijeli spektar stavova prevalentnih u društvu, te, zapravo, omogućava političku pristrasnost. Sadašnji zakon bi trebalo mijenjati, da se omogući različit sastav Nadzornog odbora.

Nekoliko parlamentaraca iz opozicije, novinara i nevladinih organizacija žalili su se na trenutni sastav Nadzornog odbora, koji uključuje dva predstavnika Parlamenta (jedan iz opozicije), dva predstavnika Vlade, dva člana koje imenuje Predsjednik, te devet iz različitih organizacija. Međutim, Predsjednik, Vlada i Parlament su pod kontrolom jedne stranke, isto kao i većina organizacija građanskog društva zastupljenih u odboru.

Vođa grupacije Komunističke partije, Victor Stepaniuc, potvrdio je da nije cijelo građansko društvo bilo zastupljeno u tom odboru, već samo “glavne organizacije građanskog društva”, što ostavlja otvorenim pitanje ko i, što je još značajnije, kako definira organizacije kao “glavne”. U izuzetno politiziranoj klimi u Moldaviji, izuzetno politiziran Nadzorni odbor vidi se kao nešto što potkopava kredibilitet javnog emitera. Jedan od prijedloga koje je dao opozicioni lider Braghis dao bi 12 članova Nadzornog odbora, šest ljudi iz vladajuće stranke, a šest iz opozicije, te bi odbor radio strogo na osnovu konsenzusa.

Mada ova ideja može zvučati privlačno, mogla bi dovesti do pat-pozicije, u kojoj odbor ne bi mogao da se dogovori oko bilo čega, čime bi TRM-ov menadžment bio bez bilo kakve nadzorne kontrole.

Trebalo bi potaći OSCE i Vijeće Evrope da ponude prijedlog o strukturi Nadzornog odbora koji bi odobrile sve političke strane u Moldaviji. Nekoliko prijedloga, naročito jedan, Asocijacije elektronskih medija (APEL), trebalo bi pažljivo analizirati.

Vijeće za audiovizuelnu koordinaciju

Tenderi za dodjelu frekvencija objavljuju se s vrlo kratkim rokom, te ne daju dovoljno vremena da potencijalni kandidati pripreme potrebnu dokumentaciju. Sastavi Vijeća ne garantira objektivnost. Isto tako, nema transparentnosti u procesu odlučivanja o dodjeli frekvencija.

Pritužbe o političkoj pristrasnosti u dodjeli frekvencija nisu se mogle potkrijepiti. Međutim, gledajući same pritužbe, Predstavnik je ustanovio da proces omogućava subjektivnost pri ocjeni i glasanju o tenderima za dodjelu frekvencija.

Emiterske licence dodjeljuje Vijeće. U sistemu koji se može opisati samo kao “dvoglav”, frekvencije koje će koristiti nosioci licenci Vijeću daje Ministarstvo komunikacija. Kako je rekao jedan visoki zvaničnik: “Mi ne znamo kad te frekvencije postaju dostupne”.

Vijeće, koje se sastoji od devet ljudi, imenuju Vlada, Predsjednik i Parlament. U situaciji kakva je današnja, kad je većina u izvršnoj i zakonodavnoj vlasti pod kontrolom jedne stranke, ovakav sistem vodi ka totalnoj političkoj kontroli vijeća. Nekoliko sagovornika žalili su se da nemaju povjerenja u objektivnost Vijeća pri izdavanju licenci za kanale.

Isto tako, treba reći da tender za vrlo bitan četvrti kanal koji pokriva cijelu zemlju nije ponovo objavljen nakon godina kad nije bilo nikakvih pomaka po tom pitanju. S druge strane, tender za treću mrežu koja pokriva cijelu zemlju, za koju je isticala licenca, objavljen je s rokom od 45 dana, a oglas je objavljen u trima novinama, u oglasima s najsitnijom štampom.

Da bi se osigurala nezavisnost Vijeća, procedura izbora ne bi trebala biti politički orijentirana, i trebala bi se fokusirati na to da se u Vijeće angažiraju osobe koje su stručnjaci od ugleda u polju emiterstva.

Metod dodjele frekvencija mora se promijeniti. Samo jedna agencija trebala bi biti zadužena i za uspostavu i za dodjelu frekvencija. Time bi se ispravio sadašnji “dvoglavi” sistem, u kojem je Vijeće na milosti Ministarstva i ne zna kad (i zašto) bi se frekvencija mogla ponuditi za tender. ...

Preporuke

...

· Ne može biti istinskog pluralizma ako nema konkurentnih domaćih kanala koji pokrivaju cijelu zemlju. U ovoj situaciji je potreban transparentan tender za još jednu frekvenciju koja pokriva cijelu zemlju.

· TRM, mada jeste zakonito tranformiran od državnog emitera u autonomnu instituciju javnog servisa, u stvarnosti i dalje naginje ka Vladi. Većina političkih programa su, prema izvještajima, vijesti o vladajućoj stranci ili vijesti koje daje vladajuća stranka. U takvoj situaciji, dok je TRM jedini domaći emiter koji pokriva cijelu zemlju, izbalansirano pokrivanje političkih događaja još je važnije. TRM tek treba da ispuni svoje obaveze kao javni emiterski servis.

· Menadžment TRM-a i CADUP, koji predstavlja novinare koji nisu zaposleni u procesu transformacije od državnog u javnog emitera, trebali bi pregovorima doći do kompromisa.

· Trebalo bi formirati novu TRM-ovu komisiju za odabir.

· Postojeći TRM-ov Nadzorni odbor, mada ga teoretski u većini čini građansko društvo, ne predstavlja cijeli spektar stavova prevalentnih u društvu, te, zapravo, omogućava političku jednostranost. Sadašnji zakon trebalo bi mijenjati, tako da omogući drugačiji sastav Nadzornog odbora.

· Tenderi za dodjelu frekvencija nude se uz vrlo kratak rok, te ne daju dovoljno vremena da potencijalni kandidati pripreme svu potrebnu dokumentaciju. Sastav Vijeća ne garantira njegovu objektivnost. Isto tako, postoji nedostatak transparentnosti u procesu donošenja odluka o dodjeli frekvencija. ...”

  1. Otprilike u isto vrijeme, OSCE i Vijeće Evrope zajednički su objavili... “Koraci i pokazatelji za rad javnog emitera u Republici Moldaviji”:

...

  1. Na dan 12. 5. 2004, Evropska komisija objavila je “Izvještaj o zemlji u vezi s evropskom politikom susjedstva” (“European Neighbourhood Policy Country Report”) o Moldaviji (SEC (2004) 567), koji je predočio dosta nalaza, između ostalog, o demokraciji i ljudskim pravima u zemlji. Izvještaj navodi da su OSCE-ovi posmatrači, koji su pratili lokalne izbore 2003. godine, bili zabrinuti “jasnom pristrasnošću u korist postojećih vršilaca dužnosti na državnom televizijskom kanalu”.

...

2.  Nevladine organizacije

  1. Centar za nezavisno novinarstvo (IJC) je nevladina organizacija sa sjedištem u Kišnjevu, čiji je zadatak da daje podršku profesionalnom novinarstvu u Moldaviji i doprinosi konsolidaciji nezavisne i nepristrasne štampe. Ustanovljena je 1994. kao projekat Open World House, a nezavsina je postala 1998. Financirala je, između ostalih, i Fondacija Soros.
  2. IJC je vršio monitoring TRM-ovih programa između juna 2004. i oktobra 2005. Prema njihovom izvještaju iz avgusta 2004, tokom tog mjeseca, niti jedan predstavnik Demokršćanske narodne stranke, koja je u to vrijeme bila jedna od dvije parlamentarne opozicione stranke, nije se pojavila na TRM-ovim televizijskim programima s političkim temama, a druga parlamentarna opoziciona stranka, “Moldova Democrată”, pojavila se samo jednom, i to na 95 sekundi. S druge strane, Komunistička partija pojavila se sedam puta, u ukupnom trajanju od 889 sekundi. Slična šema prijavljena je i za septembar, oktobar i novembar 2004. U izvještaju objavljenom u decembru 2004, IJC zaključuje da su na televiziji Vlada i njeni predstavnici spomenuti u prosjeku 32 puta dnevno, dok je opozicija u prosjeku pomenuta dva puta dnevno. Na TRM-ovim radijskim programima, Vlada je u prosjeku pomenuta 109 puta dnevno, a opozicija 0,7 puta dnevno.
  3. U izvještaju pod naslovom “Od države ka javnosti: Istinski javni emiterski servis u Bjelorusiji, Moldaviji i Ukrajini” (“State to Public: Genuine Public Service Broadcasting in Belarus, Moldova and Ukraine?”, decembar 2005.), Article 19, međunarodna nevladina organizacija sa sjedištem u Londonu, koja radi na pitanjima vezanim za slobodu izražavanja, zaključuje sljedeće (fusnote izostavljene):

“3.1.  Opći pregled

Moldavija je bila prva zemlja Zajednice nezavisnih država koja je krenula u proces uspostave javnog emiterskog servisa. Trenutno je to jedna od tri zemlje koja je svoju državnu emitersku kompaniju, Teleradio-Moldova (TRM), transformirala u organizaciju javnog emiterskog servisa. Mada teoretski javni emiterski servis postoji, u praksi je nova emiterska kompanija samo nominalno nezavisna od vladine kontrole, a ono što emitira izuzetno je pristrasno u korist postojećeg režima. Ukupno gledano, gledaocima i slušaocima se ne daju tačne i objektivne informacije, niti pluralnost stavova i mišljenja. Konsolidacija strukture istinskog javnog emiterskog servisa zavisit će od sposobnosti i volje vlasti da u potpunosti provedu novousvojene odredbe, kao i od uspješnosti kampanja građanskog društva.

...

Bez obzira na promjene, TRM je i dalje pod utjecajem vlasti. Uz to, kvalitet programa je od transformacije loš. Postoji potreba za dodatnim financiranjem, da bi se uposlenici obučili, te da bi se podigli standardi profesionalnog novinarstva.

Još jedna zabrinjavajuća činjenica je i to da postoji progresivno opadanje raznovrsnosti medija. ...

PRAVO

I.  NAVODNO KRŠENJE ČLANA 10. KONVENCIJE

  1. Podnosioci navode da su, dok su radili kao novinari na TRM-u, bili izloženi režimu cenzure koji su državne vlasti nametnule kroz viši menadžment TRM-a, suprotno članu 10. Konvencije. Član 10. predviđa:

“1.  Svako ima pravo na slobodu izražavanja. Ovo pravo uključuje slobodu mišljenja i slobodu primanja i prenošenja informacija i ideja, bez miješanja javne vlasti i bez obzira na granice. Ovaj član ne sprječava države da zahtijevaju dozvole za rad od radio, televizijskih i filmskih kompanija.

2.  Ostvarivanje ovih sloboda, budući da uključuje obaveze i odgovornosti, može podlijegati takvim formalnostima, uvjetima, ograničenjima ili sankcijama predviđenim zakonom i koje su neophodne u demokratskom društvu u interesu nacionalne sigurnosti, teritorijalnog integriteta ili javne sigurnosti, sprječavanja nereda ili zločina, zaštite zdravlja i morala, ugleda ili prava drugih, sprječavanja širenja povjerljivih informacija ili u interesu očuvanja autoriteta i nepristrasnosti sudstva.”

Vlada je ove navode negirala, te prigovorila da podnosioci u svakom slučaju nisu iscrpili domaće lijekove.

A.  Vremenski opseg predmeta

  1. U smisu ove presude, Sud razmatra period koji počinje u februaru 2001, kad podnosioci izjavljuju da je problem političke kontrole nad uređivačkom politikom u TRM-u postao akutan (vidi stav 18. u gornjem tekstu), a završava se datumom odluke Suda o prihvatljivosti, 26 9. 2006.

B.  Preliminarni prigovor Vlade

1.  Izjave stranaka

  1. Vlada je prigovorila da podnosioci nisu iscrpili lijekove dostupne po domaćem pravu, kako to traži član 35, stav 1. Konvencije. Naročito izjaljvuje da su se podnosioci mogli žaliti domaćim sudovima u pogledu navodnog kršenja prava na slobodu izražavanja, pozivajući sa na odredbe člana 20. Ustava (vidi stav 56. u gornjem tekstu), članove 2, stav 3, 3, i 6. Zakona o audiovizuelnom emitiranju (vidi 57. u gornjem tekstu) i odredbe Zakona br. 1320 (vidi stav 65. u gornjem tekstu). Mada Vlada nije u stanju da ukaže na sličen predmete koje su domaći sudovi već razmatrali, razlog za to je što Republika Moldavija nije imala dovoljno vremena da izgradi sudsku praksu po tom pitanju. Međutim, da je takva pritužba podnesena, svakako bi se razmatrala u meritumu. Po izjavi Vlade, postojala je mogućnost i da se podnosioci žale TRM-ovom Posmatračkom vijeću, koje je, po članu 20. Zakona br. 1320-XV (vidi stav 65. u gornjem tekstu), nadležno da nadzire da li se TRM pridržava svojih internih propisa i zakonodavstva uopće. Alternativno, podnosioci su se mogli žaliti ACC-u.
  2. Podnosioci navode da je postojala administrativna praksa cenzure i političke kontrole na TRM-u, te da ih je to izuzelo od obaveze iscrpljenja domaćih lijekova. Alternativno, smatraju da na domaćem nivou ne postoje djelotvorni lijekovi. Ne bi bilo moguće pokrenuti pritužbu pred domaćim sudovima. Mada teoretski domaći sudija može odlučiti po jednom navodnom slučaju cenzure, po domaćem zakonu nema lijeka koji bi mogao tretirati to što u TRM-u nema strukturalne nezavisnosti od Vlade, ili spriječiti buduće slučajeve cenzure. ACC čini devet članova, od kojih tri imenuje Parlament, tri Vlada i tri Predsjednik Moldavije, što ga ne čini nezavisnim tijelom. Pitanje cenzure na TRM-u razmatrao je u svom izvještaju od 29. 4. 2002. (vidi stav 41. u gornjem tekstu). Mada su mu podnosioci predočili sve navodne konkretne postupke cenzure na koju se žale u svojoj predstavci Sudu, niti jedan od tih navoda nije razmatran u izvještaju, koji se ograničio na to da izvede generalni zaključak da na TRMu nema cenzure. I konačno, Posmatračko vijeće je organ novoustanovljene javne kompanije, koji je aktivnosti započeo tek u avgustu 2004, te nije, shodno tome, bio dostupan da razmatra pritužbu podnosilaca u vrijeme kad u se događaji obrađeni u predstavci dešavali.

2.  Ocjena Suda

  1. Sud podsjeća da princip da podnosilac prvo mora iscrpiti lijekove koje predviđa domaći pravni sistem, prije nego što se obrati ovom međunarodnom Sudu, jeste bitan aspekt mehanizma zaštite ustanovljenog Konvencijom (vidi Akdivar i drugi protiv Turske, 16 9. 1996, stav 65, 1996-IV). Sud je zamišljen kao supsidijarni organ u odnosu na domaće sisteme koji čuvaju ljudska prava, te je primjereno da domaći sudovi inicijalno imaju priliku da se odrede u pogledu pitanja kompatibilnosti domaćih zakona s Konvencijom, te da, ako se predstavka ipak kasnije pokrene u Strasbourgu, Evropski sud koristi i stavove domaćih sudova, koji su u direktnom i stalnom kontaktu sa svim što se dešava u njihovim zemljama (vidi Burden protiv Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva [Veliko vijeće], br. 13378/05, stav 42, 29. 4. 2008.
  2. Po članu 35, stav 1. Konvencije, podnosilac bi trebao normalno da ima pristup lijekovima koji su dostupni i dovoljni da u navodnim kršenjima osiguraj preinaku. Postojanje takvih lijekova mora biti dovoljno izvjesno, ne samo teoretski, već i u praksi, jer bez toga oni nemaju ni potrebnu dostupnost, ni potrebnu djelotvornost (Akdivar i drugi, navod gore, stav66). Teret dokazivanja je na Vladi, da uvjeri Sud da je lijek bio djelotvoran, dostupan i teoretski i praktično, i relevantan u datom trenutku, što znači da je bio dostupan, takav da je mogao osigurati preinaku u pogledu podnosiočeve pritužbe, te da je nudio razumnu mogućnost uspjeha. Kad se zadovolji ovakav teret dokazivanja, na podnosiocu je da pokaće da lijek koji je Vlada ponudila jeste zaista iscrpljen, ili da je iz nekih razloga bio nedovoljan i nedjelotvoran u datim okolnostima upredmetu, ili da su postojale posebne okolnosti koje podnosioca izuzimaju iz te obaveze (Akdivar i drugi, navod gore, stav 68).
  3. Međutim, pravilo iscrpljenja je neprimjenjivo tamo gdje neka administrativna praksa, konkretno ponavljanje radnji koje su nekompatibilne s Konvencijom i to što ih državne vlasti toleriraju,  dokazano postoji, te je takve prirode da bi postupak bio uzaludan ili nedjelotvoran (vidi Irska protiv Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, 18 1. 1978, stav 159, Serija A, br. 25; Akdivar i drugi, navod gore, stavovi66-67; Danska proviv Turske (odluka), br. 34382/97, 8. 6. 1999; Kipar protiv Turske [Veliko vijeće], br. 25781/94, stav 99, ECHR 2001-IV). U predmetu Caraher protiv Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva (odluka), br. 24520/94, ECHR 2000-I, Sud je sudsku praksu u pogledu pojma “administrativna praksa” obrazložio ovako:

“U Prvom grčkom predmetu (Yearbook 11, str. 770), Komisija je identificifrala dva elementa neophodna za postojanje administrativne prakse: ponavljanje radnje i toleriranje zvaničnih struktura. Ponavljanje radnje se, kako je rečeno, odnosi na značajan broj radnji koje su na neki način vezane ili povezane s okolnostima koje ih okružuju (npr. vrijeme i mjesto, ili stavovi uključenih osoba) i joje nisu jednostavno određeni broj izoliranih radnji. Sud kaže da praksa koja je nekompatibilna s Konvencijom predstavlja akumulaciju identičnih ili analognih kršenja, koja su dovoljno brojna i međupovezana da predstavljaju ne sam izolirane incidente ili izuzetke, već shemu ili sistem (Irska protiv Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, presuda od 18 1. 1978, Serija A, br. 25, str. 64, stav 159). Toleriranje zvaničnih struktura znači da, mada su same radnje jednostavno nezakonite, toleriraju se u smislu da nadređeni onih koji su odgovorni, mada jesu svjesni tih radnji, ne poduzimaju ništa da bi ih kaznili ili spriječili da to ponove; ili da viši organ vlasti naspram brojnih navoda pokazuje indiferentnost, tako što odbija da pokrene bilo kakvu adekvatnu istragu njihove istinitosti ili neistinitosti; ili da se u sudskom postupku ne dozvoli javna rasprava po pitanju takvih pritužbi (mutatis mutandis, predstavke br. 9940-9944/82, Francuska, Norveška, Danska, Švedska i Holandija protiv Turske, odluka 6.12.83, DR 35, str. 143 na str. 163, stav 19) Međutim, može se primijetiti da se takva praksa može ustanoviti čak i kad se ne ustanovi toleriranje zvaničnih struktura na višim zvaničnim nivoima, te čak i kad su neka djela krivično gonjena, jer su viši organi vlasti pod odgovornošću da poduzmu djelotvorne mjere da okončaju ponavljanje takvih djela (vidi, npr. Irska protiv Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, presuda, op. cit., str 159)”.

  1. Sud podsjeća da je u svojoj odluci o prihvatljivosti od 26 9. 2006. utvrdio da postoji bliska veza između preliminarnog prigovora Vlade i merituma pritužbe podnosilaca po članu 10, te je, shodno tome, spojio Vladinu prigovor s meritumom predmeta.
  2. Sud će, shodno tome, razmotriti suštinu pritužbe podnosilaca, a zatim razmatrati da li je u svim okolnostima Vladin preliminarni prigovor dobro utemeljen.

C.  Meritum

1.  Izjave stranaka

(a)  Vlada

  1. Vlada naglašava da je TRM bio najgledaniji televizijski kanal u zemlji i da su večernje vijesti bile najpopularniji program (vidi stav 8. u gornjem tekstu). To pokazuje da je stanovništvo Moldavije vjerovalo da je TRM nezavistan, nepristrasan i objektivan televizijski kanal.
  2. Vlada negira bilo kakvu cenzuru na TRM-u. Vlada odbija navod da je postojala “crna lista” pojedinaca li tema koje se nisu mogle predstavljati, te tvrdi da su opozicioni političari imali pristup javnosti putem TRM-a, kako se i vidi iz brojnih programa navedenih u TV vodičima (vidi stav 26. u gornjem tekstu).
  3. Vlada se oslanja na zaključke ACC-a u njihovom izvještaju od 29. 4. 2002. (vidi stav 41. u gornjem tekstu). Kako zaključuje ACC, podnosioci su pojam slobode izražavanja pogrešno shvatili. Shvatili su ga u smislu da im daje carte blanche da u svojim reportažama kažu šta god žele, ne obazirući se na zakonske ili moralne norme i suprotno njihovoj odgovornosti novinara koji rade za jedinog emitera koji je u to vrijeme pokrivao cijelu zemlju, da pružaju objektivnu i nepristrasnu uslugu, bez političke pristrasnosti.
  4. Vlada tvrdi da proteste Štrajkačkog odbora nije podržao Sindikat TRM-a, kao ni brojni uposlenici. Sankcije protiv Dinua Rusnaca i Larise Manole su u potpunosti opravdane, nakon što su oni prekršili interne propise, u smislu modifikacije vijesti prije prethodnog odobrenja. Određeni broj podnosilaca predstavke, konkretno Mircea Surdu, Ludmila Vasilache, Leonid Melnic i Diana Donică, i dalje su uposlenici TRM-a.

(b)  Podnosioci predstavke

  1. Podnosioci smatraju da domaći zakon ne daje dovoljne garancije zaštite do cenzure i neprimjerenog političkog utjecaja. Shodno time, ni domaće zakonodavstvo ni TRM-ovi interni propisi ne definiraju koncept “uređivačke politike”. Tvrde da država nije izvršila svoju pozitivnu obavezu po članu 10, jer nije usvojila zakon koji bi ponudio garanciju zaštite od zlonamjernog miješanja javnih vlasti i koji bi jasno ukazao na opseg i granice diskrecionog prava koje te vlasti uživaju. Uz to, time što je odbio da izmijeni Zakon br. 1320-XV na način kako je to preporučilo Vijeće Evrope, Parlament je zadržao kontrolu države nad javnom kompanijom, što je upravo i bio razlog za cenzuru. Takvim radnjama i propustima država je urgozila i pravo javnosti da bude informirana. Izvještaji Parlamentarne skupštine i međunarodnih eksperata podržavali su stav da je domaće zakonodavstvo nezadovoljavajuće, u smislu da Vladi daje punu kontrolu nad TRM-om, a ne predviđa adekvatne garancije zaštite nezavisnosti.
  2. Podnosioci tvrde da su ankete na koje se Vlada poziva, po kojoma je TRM bio najgledaniji TV kanal u Moldaviji, nisu naznaka kvaliteta programa, već nedostatka alternativnih izvora informacija. Pozivaju se na izvještaje monitoringa IJC-a (vidi stav 77. u gornjem tekstu) i opservacije određenog broja međunarodnih komentatora (vidi stavove 72-75. u gornjem tekstu), da bi potkrijepili svoje tvrdnje da je TRM pristrasan u korist vladajuće stranke. Primjeri koje Vlada daje, o programima u kojima su učestvovali opozicioni političari, bili su izuzetak od općeg pravila. Čak je i ACC u svom izvještaju od 29. 4. 2002. prihvatio da su određene teme ili izrazi, kao što su “Besarabija, rumunski, rumunski jezik, rumunska historija ili totalitarni režim” zabranjeni, osim u historijskom kontekstu.
  3. Prije 2002. godine nije bilo nikakvih internih propisa u pogledu načina zapošljavanja i otpuštanja programskog direktora, šefova redakcija ili producenat. TRM-ov predsjednik mogao ih je u svakom trenutku otpustiti. Nadalje, nije bilo nikakvih propisa za uspostavu umjetničkog ili tehničkog vijeća, koje bi ocjenjivalo kvalitet audiovizuelne produkcije. Nova procedura zapošljavanja, organizirana 2004. godine, nije, po mišljenju eksperata Vijeća Evrope, bila transparentna i jasna u pogledu zapošljavanja ili ponovnog zapošljavanja članova osoblja. Domaći sudovi nisu podnosiocima koji su izgubili posao pružili bilo kakav lijek.

2.  Ocjena Suda

(a)  Opći principi u vezi s pluralizmom u audiovizuelnim medijima

  1. Pri određivanju da li je u ovom predmetu ispoštovan član 10, Sud mora uzeti u obzir sljedeće principe. Kao polaznu tačku uzima temeljnu istinu: nema demokracije bez pluralizma. Jedna od osnovnih karakteristika demokracije je to što nudi mogućnost da se problemi zemlje rješavaju dijalogom, bez pribjegavanja nasilju, čak i kad su ti problemi vanredno zahtjevni. Demokracija cvjeta u slobodi izražavanja. Od suštinskog je značaja za demokraciju da dozvoli da se različiti politički programi predlažu i da se o njima vodi debata, uključujući i one programe koji dovode u pitanje način na koji je država trenutno organizirana, pod uslovom da ne nanose štetu samoj demokraciji (vidi Socijalistička partija i drugi protiv Turske, 1998, stavovi 41, 45 i 47, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998-III).
  2. Sloboda izražavanja, onako kao je osigurava član 10, stav 1, predstavlja, shodno tome, jedan od suštinskih temelja demokratskog društva, te jedan od osnovnih uslova za njegov napredak (Lingens protiv Austrije, 8. 7. 1986, stav 41, Serija A, br. 103). Sloboda štampe i drugih informativnih medija javnosti daje jedno od najboljih snačina da otkriva ideje i stavove političkih lidera i o njima formira mišljenje. Na štampi je da daje informacije i ideje o političkim pitanjima i drugim temama od javnog interesa. Ne samo da štampa ima zadatak da daje prenosi takve informacije i ideje: javnost ima pravo da ih prima (vidi, npr. Handyside protiv Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, stav 49, 7. 12. 1976, Serija A, br. 24; Lingens, navod gore, stavovi 41-42).
  3. Audiovizuelni mediji, poput radija i televizije, u tom pogledu imaju naročito bitnu ulogu. S obzirom na njihovu moć da zvukom i slikom prenose poruke, takvi mediji imaju neposredniji i jači efekat od štampe (Jersild protiv Danske, 23. 9. 1994, stav 31, Serija A, br. 298; Pedersen i Baadsgaard protiv Danske [Veliko vijeće], br. 49017/99, stav 79, ECHR 2004-XI). Funkcija televizije i radija kao bliskih izvora zabave u intimi doma gledaoca ili slušaoca dodatno pojačavaju njihovo djelovanje (up. Murphy protiv Irske, br. 44179/98, stav 74, ECHR 2003-IX (odlomci)). Uz to, naročito u zabačenim krajevima, televizija i radio mogu biti lakše dostupni od drugih medija.
  4. Situacija u kojoj se moćnoj ekonomskoj ili političkoh grupi u društvu dozvoli da pribavi položaj dominacije nad audiovizuelnim medijima, time vrši pritisak na emitere i konačno ugrozi njihovu uređivačku slobodu u demokratskom društvu, kako je to otjelotvoreno članom 10. Konvencije, naročito kad oni služe davanju informacija i ideja od općeg interesa, koje javnost ima i pravo da prima (vidi VGT Verein gegen Tierfabriken protiv Švicarske, br. 24699/94, stavovi 73. and 75, ECHR 2001-VI; vidi i De Geillustreerde protiv Holandije, br. 5178/71, odluka Komisije od 6. 7. 1976, stav 86, Odluke i izvještaji (DR) 8, str. 13). To posebno važi za situaciju kad su država ili javni emiter u poziciji dominacije. Shodno time, Sud smatra da, zbog svoje restriktivne prirode, režim licenciranja koji javnom emiteru omogućava monopol nad dostupnim frekvencijama ne može biti opravdan, osim ako se ne može pokazati da postoji hitna potreba za nečim takvim (Informationsverein Lentia i drugi protiv Austrije, 24. 11. 1993, stav 39, Serija A, br. 276).
  5. Stvarno, djelotvorno uživanje slobode izražavanja ne zavisi samo od dužnosti države da se ne miješa, već može tražiti od nje i da poduzme pozitivne mjere zaštite, kroz svoje zakone ili praksu (vidi, npr. Özgür Gündem protiv Turske, br. 23144/93, stavovi 42-46, ECHR 2000-III; FuentesBobo protiv Španije, br. 39293/98, stav 38, 29. 2. 2000; Appleby i drugi protiv Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva, br. 44306/98, stavovi 39-40, ECHR 2003-VI). S obzirom na značaj onog što je u pitanju po članu 10, država mora biti najveći garant pluralizma (vidi Informationsverein Lentia i drugi, navod gore, stav 38; VGT Verein gegen Tierfabriken, navod gore, stavovi 44-47).
  6. Sud smatra da, u polju audiovizuelnih komunikacija, gore navedeni principi na državu stavljaju dužnost da osigura, kao prvo, da javnost putem radija i televizije ima pristup nepristrasnim i tačnim informacijama i spektru mišljenja i komentara, koji, između ostalog, odražavaju raznovrsnost političkih stavova u zemlji, te kao drugo, da novinari i drugi profesionalci koji rade u audiovizuelnim medijima ne budu spriječeni da daju takve informacije i komentare. Izbor sredstava kojima će se postići ti ciljevi moraju varirati u skladu s lokalnim uslovima, te to, shodno tome, ulazi u stepen slobodne procjene države. Tako, naprimjer, mada Sud, a prije njega i Komisija, potvrđuje da je javni emiterski servis u stanju da doprinosi kvalitetu i balansu programâ (Informationsverein Lentia i drugi, navod gore, stav 33; Tele 1 Privatfernsehgesellschaft mbH protiv Austrije, br. 32240/96, 21. 9. 2000; X. SA protiv Holandije, br. 21472/93, odluka Komisije od 11. 1. 1994, DR 76-A, str. 129), nema obaveze po članu 10. da se takav servis uspostavi, pod uslovom da se u istom cilju koriste neka druga sredstva.
  7. Kad država odluči da formira javni emiterski servis, iz gore navedenih principa proizilazi da domaći zakoni i praksa moraju garantirati da sistem pruža pluralističku uslugu. Naročito kad su privatne stanice još uvijek preslabe da nude istinsku alternativu, a javna ili državna organizacija je, prema tome, jedini ili dominantni emiter u zemlji ili regiji, za ispravno funkcioniranje demokracije je neophodno da ta organizacija prenosi nepristrasne, nezavisne i balansirane vijesti, informacije i komentare, te da, dodatno, osigurava forum za javnu diskusiju, u kojem se može iskazati širok spektar stavova i mišljenja.
  8. S tim u vezi, standardi vezani za javno emiterstvo, koji su države članice usaglasile putem Komiteta ministara Vijeća Evrope (vidi stavove 51-54. u gornjem tekstu), pružaju usmjerenje u pogledu pristupa koji bi trebalo imati u tumačenju člana 10. u ovom polju. Sud primjećuje da u “Rezoluciji br. 1. o budućnosti javnig emiterskog servisa” (1994), države učesnice prihvataju obavezu “da garantiraju nezavisnost javnih emiterskih servisa od političkog i ekonomskog miješanja”. Nadalje, u Prilogu uz Preporuku br. R(96)10 pod naslovom “Grancija nezavisnosti javnog emiterskog servisa” (1996), Komitet ministara je usvojio određeni broj detaljnih smjernica kojima je cilj da se osigura nezavisnost javnih emitera. Tu spada i preporuka da “zakonski okvir koji uređuje organizacije javnog emiterskog servisa treba jasno da propisuje njihovu uređivačku nezavisnost i institucionalnu autonomiju”, uz naročito pozivanje na nekoliko ključnih područja aktivnosti, uključujući uređivanje i predstavljanje programa vijesti i aktuelnosti, te odabir, zapošljavanje i menadžment osoblja. Smjernice naglašavaju i da pravila koja uređuju status i imenovanje članova upravnih odbora i nadzornih tijela javnih servisa trebaju biti definirana na način kojim se izbjegava bilo kakav rizik političkog ili drugog miješanja. Predviđaju i sljedeće:

“Zakonski okvir koji uređuje organizacije javnog emiterskog servisa bi trebao jasno propisivati da one osiguravaju da se programi vijesti pravično predstavljaju činjenice i događaje, te potiču slobodno formiranje mišljenja.

Slučajevi kad organizacije javnog emiterskog servisa mogu biti prisiljene da emitiraju zvanične poruke, deklaracije i saopćenja, ili da izvještavaju o radnjama ili odlukama javnih vlasti, ili da prostor u eteru daju takvim vlastima, trebali bi biti ograničeni na izuzetne okolnosti jasno određene u zakonima ili propisima. ...”

I na kraju, u Prilogu uz Preporuku Rec(2000)23 pod naslovom “Nezavisnost i funkcije regulatornih vlasti u sektoru emiterstva”, Komitet ministara ponovo je naglasio značaj toga da države usvoje pravila koja pokrivaju članstvo i funkcioniranje takvih regulatornih tijela, tako da se zaštite od političkog miješanja i utjecaja.

(b)  Da li je u konkretnom predmetu došlo do miješanja u pravo podnosilaca na slobodu izražavanja

  1. Podnosioci, koji su u vremenskom periodu koji se razmatra svi bili zaposleni na TRM-u kao novinari, urednici ili producenti, žalili su se na ograničavanje slobode izražavanja. Sud podsjeća da, pod uslovima datim članom 10, stav 2, novinari imaju pravo da daju informacije. Zaštita člana 10. uključuje zaposlene novinare i druge uposlenike u medijima. Zaposleni novinar može tvrditi da je direktno pogođen općim pravilom ili politikom rada koje primjenjuje njegov poslodavac, a koje ograničavaju novinarsku slobodu (vidi Purcell i drugi protiv Irske, br. 15404/89, odluka Komisije od 16. 4. 1991, DR 70, str. 262). Sankcija ili druga mjera koju poslodavac poduzme protiv zaposlenog novinara može predstavljati miješanje u slobodu izražavanja (vidi Fuentes Bobo, navod gore, stav 38).
  2. Podnosioci navode da je više rukovodstvo TRM-a od njih tražilo da se povinuju politici izbjegavanja tema koje su se smatrale neugodnim ili štetnim po Vladu. Sud smatra da je u tom smislu značajno da Vlada nije odgovorila na konkretne primjere koje su naveli podnosioci, primjere programa ili dijelova programa koje je više rukovodstvo TRM-a navodno odbilo da emitira zbog njihove teme i sadržaja (vidi stavove 24-25. u gornjem tekstu). Uz to, upečatljivo je to što ACC-ov izvještaj od 29. 4. 2002. (vidi stav 41. u gornjem tekstu), koji je Vlada prihvatila, zaključuje da je politika TRM-a u to vrijeme bila da zabranjuje upotrebu određenih riječi i fraza, naročito riječi vezanih za zajedničku kulturu i jezik Rumunije i Moldavije, te za kršenja ljudskih prava koja su se dešavala u sovjetskom periodu. Lista ovakve prirode, koja sadrži riječi i teme koje novinar i drugi pojedinci koji se pojavljuju na državnoj televiziji ne smiju pominjati, u svakom bi slučaju tražila jako obrazloženje da bi bila kompatibilna sa slobodom izražavanja, ali Vlada nije ponudila nikakav osnov za objašnjenje kako bi takvo ograničenje moglo biti kompatibilno sa zahtjevima člana 10. Uz to, u kontekstu tekuće debate u Moldaviji, o nacionalnom identitetu i geopolitičkom svrstavanju, Sud smatra da postoji snažan javni interes da se o takvim pitanjima otvoreno i detaljno razgovara na državnoj televiziji, te da se vrijeme u eteru daje svim suprotstavljenim gledištima.
  3. Podnosioci navode i da se od njih tražilo da se povinuju TRM-ovoj politici davanja neproporcionalne količine vremena u eteru za izvještavanje o postupcima pripadnika vladajuće političke stranke, uz malo ili nimalo izvještavanja o postupcima ili stavovima opozicionih stranaka. U vezi s tim, Sud smatra da stav 18. Priloga uz Preporuku Komiteta ministara Rec(2000)23 kaže da je suštinska funnkcija regulatornih tijela da prate da li emiteri poštuju svoje zakonske obaveze, a član 13(1) Zakona br. 1320-XV traži da Posmatračko vijeće vrši monitoring u pogledu TRM-a (vidi stavove 53. i 65. u gornjem tekstu). Iz informacija predočenih Sudu se, pak, ne vidi da je takav monitoring obavljen. U odsustvu pouzdanih dokaza o suprotnom, shodno tome, Sud smatra da su podaci koje je sakupio IJC značajni (vidi stav 77. u gornjem tekstu). Tu se pokazuje konzistentna shema tokom 2004. i 2005, nespominjanja političke opozicije i velikog omjera vijesti posvećenih Predsjedniku i Vladi. Brojke koje nudi IJC potkrijepljene su generalnim opservacijama i komentarima predstavnika Vijeća Evrope, OSCE-a i organizacije Article 19 (vidi stavove 72-78. u gornjem tekstu).
  4. Na osnovu dokaza koji su mu predočeni, shodno tome, Sud zaključuje da je u relevantnom periodu u televizijskim vijestima i drugim programima TRM-a bilo dosta pristrasnosti ka izvještavanju o aktivnostima Predsjednika i Vlade, uz nedovoljno prilika da predstavnici opozicije ostvare pristup televiziji i iskažu svoje stavove. Uz to, Sud smatra da postoje dokazi o politici ograničavanja diskusije ili pominjanja određenih tema jer su se smatrale politički osjetljivim, ili su se loše odražavale na Vladu. Podnosioci, kao novinari, urednici i producenti televizijske stanice TRM, morali su biti pogođeni tim politikama. Stoga zaključuje da su podnosioci doživjeli kontinuirano miješanje u svoje pravo na slobodu izražavanja tokom cijelog razmatranog perioda.

(c)  Pozitivna obaveza države po članu 10. u konkretnom predmetu

  1. Kako je gore obrazloženo (stavovi 94-101), iz člana 10. proizilazi pozitivna obaveza. Država, kao najveći garant pluralizma, mora svojim zakonima i praksom osigurati da javnost, kroz radio i televiziju, ima pristup nepristrasnim i tačnim informacijama i spektru mišljenja i komentara koji, između, ostalog, odražavaju različitost političkih viđenja zemlje, te da novinari i drugi profesionalci koji rade u polju audiovizuelnih medija nisu spriječeni u davanju takvih informacija i komentara. Kad država odluči da stvoru javni emiterski sistem, domaći zakon i praksa moraju garantirati da taj sistem pruža pluralističku audiovizuelnu servisnu uslugu. U vezi s tim, standardi vezani za javni servis u emitiranju, koje su države ugovornice usaglasile kroz Komitet ministara Vijeća Evrope, daje usmjerenje u pogledu pristupa koji bi trebalo imati u tumačenju člana 10. u ovom polju.
  2. Sud primjećuje da je, tokom najvećeg dijela razmatranog perioda, TRM bio jedina moldavska emiterska organizacija koja je proizvodila televizijske programe koji su se mogli gledati u cijeloj zemlji (vidi stav 8. u gornjem tekstu). Uz to, otprilike 60% stanovništva živjelo u u ruralnim područjuma, s nikakvim ili ograničenim pristupom satelitskoj televiziji ili, prema izjavi Specijalnog predstavnika Generalnog sekretara, novinama (vidi stav 72. u gornjem tekstu). U takvim okolnostima, od vitalnog je značaja za funkcioniranje demokracije u Moldaviji da TRM prenosi tačne i izbalansirane vijesti i informacije, te da njeni programi odražavaju cijeli spektar političkih mišljenja i debata u zemlji, a državne vlasti su pod jakom pozitivnom obavezom da uspostave uslove da omoguće da se to i desi.
  3. Da bi se ispoštovala ta obaveza, neophodno je, kako je rečeno u gore pomenutim Smjernicama koje je izradio Komitet ministara, da se uspostavi zakonski okvir koji bi osigurao TRM-ovu nezavisnost od političkog miješanja i kontrole. Sud u tom pogledu primjećuje da Vladina Odluka br. 502 (1996), kojom je izmijenjen Statut TRM-a, predviđa, u skladu s Prilogom uz Preporuku Komiteta ministara br. R(96)10, da je TRM-ova “kreativna i uređivačka aktivnost ... zakonom zaštićena od miješanja javnih vlasti i pritiska političkih stranaka.” (vidi stav 60. u gornjem tekstu). Međutim, zakon nije predvidio strukturu koja bi nezavisnost ove vrste učinila mogućom. Član 4. Odluke br. 502 predviđa: “Aktivnosti kompanije vodi država, kroz Vijeće za audiovizuelnu koordinaciju”. To Vijeće (ACC) činilo je devet članova, tri koje je imenovao Parlament, tri Predsjednik Moldavije i tri Vlada, bez garancije da neće biti otpušteni. TRM-ov predsjednik, potpredsjednik i Upravni odbor imenovao je Parlament, na prijedlog ACC-a. U takvim okolnostim, u periodu od februara 2001. godine nadalje, kad je jedna politička stranka kontrolirala Parlament, Predsjedništvo i Vladu, domaći zakoni nisu davali garanciju političkog balansa u sastavu višeg menadžmenta i nadzornog tijela TRM-a, npr. uključenjem članova koje je imenovala politička opozicija, niti bilo kakvu garanciju zaštite od miješanja vladajuće političke stranke u proces donošenja odluka i funkcioniranje tih tijela.
  4. Zakon br. 1320-XV nije dovoljno ispravio te probleme. Umjesto prvobitnog upravnog odbora stvorio je Posmatračko vijeće, odgovorno, između ostalog, za imenovanje višeg menadžmenta TRM-a i monitoring programa u pogledu tačnosti i objektivnosti. Međutim, kako g. Jakubowicz pokazuje u svojim analizama (vidi stavove 63, 64, i 69. u gornjem tekstu), pravila za imenovanje članova Posmatračkog vijeća nisu predviđala adekvante garancije zaštite od političke pristrasnosti. Sud dijeli takvo mišljenje. Naročito član 13(2) Zakona br. 1320-XV propisuje da samo jednog člana Posmatračkog vijeća treba da imenuje jedna od paralamentarnih opozicionih stranaka; nema nikakve garancije zaštite kojom bi se spriječilo da ostalih 14 članova budu imenovani kao lojalni vladajućoj stranci.

(d)  Zaključak o poštivanju člana 10.

  1. Shodno tome, može se rezimirati da, naročito u svjetlu monopola koji je, u suštini, TRM imao nad audiovizuelnim emitiranjem u Moldaviji, Sud zaključuje da državne vlasti nisu ispoštovale svoju pozitivnu obavezu. Zakonodavni okvir tokom cijelog razmatranog perioda bio je nedostatan, u smislu da nije davao dovoljne garancije zaštite od kontrole političkog organa vlade nad TRM-ovim višim menadžmentom, a time i nad njegovom uređivačkom politikom. Takvi nedostaci nisu uklonjeni kad je Zakon br. 1320-XV usvojen i izmijenjen.

(e) Iscrpljenje domaćih lijekova

  1. Sud zatim mora ispitati preliminarni prigovor Vlade u pogledu neiscrpljenja domaćih lijekova i navoda podnosilaca da je postojala administrativna praksa cenzure i političke kontrole u TRM-u (vidi stavove 81-82. u gornjem tekstu). Sud zaključuje da je, tokom razmatranog perioda, jedna stranka dominirala izvršnim i zakonodavnim organima države, te da domaći zakon nije predviđao adekvatne garancije zaštite od političkog miješanja i kontrole nad TRM-ovom uređivačkom politikom (vidi stavove 109-110. u gornjem tekstu). U takvim okolnostima, nesumnjivo je postojao povećan rizik administrativne prakse kakvu u svojim navodima opisuju podnosioci. Uz to, Sud smatra da su primjeri političke pristrasnosti i ograničenja u izvještavanju koje je utvrdio gore (vidi stavove 104-106.) dovoljni da potkrijepe zaključak da su, tokom razmatranog perioda, postojali shema ili sistem korištenja TRM-a za promociju politika vladajuće stranke, što predstavja administrativnu praksu u smislu sudske prakse Suda (vidi stav 84. u gornjem tekstu). U takvim okolnostima, podnosioci su izuzeti od uobičajenog pravila kojim se traži iscrpljenje domaćih lijekova prije podnošenja predstavke ovom Sudu.
  2. Nadalje, Sud primjećuje da domaći zaokon nije predvidio bilo kakav mehanizam koji bi podnosiocima omogućio da pred domaćim sudovima ospore zakonodavstvo ili regulatorne administrativne akte Predsjednika ili Vlade po osnovu nekompatibilnosti s Konvencijom (vidi stav 55. u gornjem tekstu). Mada Ustavni sud jeste revidirao akte Predsjednika, Vlade i Parlamenta u pogledu ustavnosti, podnosiocima nije bilo moguće da se direktno obrate Ustavnom sudu. Kad su podnosioci pokrenuli postupak kojim se žale na navodnu nezakonitost procedure vraćanja na ranije radno mjesto, Žalbeni sud je njihovu žalbu odbacio, između ostalog, zato što nije bilo moguće osporavati zakonske odredbe (vidi stav 49. u gornjem tekstu). U takvim okolnostima, Sud nije uvjeren da su podnosioci imali pristup djelotvornom domaćem lijeku u pogledu centralnog dijela njihove pritužbe.

(f)  Zaključak

  1. Iz ovog proizilazi da Sud odbacuje preliminarni prigovor Vlade i utvrđuje kršenje člana 10. Konvencije.

III.  PRIMJENA ČLANOVA 46. I 41. KONVENCIJE

  1. Članovi 46. i 41. Konvencije predviđaju:

Član 46.

„1.  Visoke strane ugovornice preuzimaju obavezu da se povinuju konačnoj presudu Suda u svakom predmetu u kome su stranke.

2.  Konačna presuda Suda se dostavlja Komitetu ministara, koji nadgleda njeno izvršenje.”

 Član 41.

„Kad Sud utvrdi kršenje Konvencije ili Protokola uz nju, a unutrašnje pravo visoke strane ugovornice u pitanju omogućava samo djelimičnu odštetu, Sud će, ako je to potrebno, pružiti pravično zadovoljenje oštećenoj stranci.”

  1. Sud podsjeća da tamo gdje utvrdi kršenje, odgovorna država ima zakonsku obavezu po članu 46. Konvencije ne samo da plati datim strankama iznose koji budu dodijeljeni kao pravično zadovoljenje po članu 41, već i da odabere, uz nadzor Komiteta ministara, opće i/ili, ako je to primjereno, pojedinačne mjere koje će usvojiti u svoj domaći pravni poredak, da bi se okončalo kršenje koje je Sud utvrdio, te da se onoliko koliko je moguće preinače efekti tog kršenja. Odgovorna država ima slobodu da, pod nadzorom Komiteta ministara, odabere sredstvo kojim će izvršiti svoje zakonske obaveze po članu 46. Konvencije, pod uslovom da je to sredstvo kompatibilno sa zaključcima datim u presudi Suda (vidi Scozzari i Giunta protiv Italije [Veliko vijeće], br. 39221/98 i 41963/98, stav 249, ECHR 2000-VIII; Brumărescu protiv Rumunije (pravično zadovoljenje) [Veliko vijeće], br. 28342/95, stav 20, ECHR 2001-I; Kauczor protiv Poljske, br. 45219/06, stav 61, 3. 2. 2009.).
  2. U konkretnom predmetu, Sud podsjeća da je utvrdio kršenje člana 10.  koje proizilazi, između ostalog, iz nedostataka TRM-ovog zakonodavnog okvira. Smatra da je odgovorna državam pod zakonskom obavezom po članu 46. da poduzme, što je moguće prije, opće mjere kojima će se ispraviti situacija koja je stvorila kršenje člana 10. U svjetlu nedostataka koje je Sud utvrdio, takve opće mjere bi trebale uključiti reformu zakonodavstva, da se osigura da zakonodavni okvir poštuje zahtjeve člana 10. i uzima u obzir Preporuku Komiteta ministara br. R(96)10 (vidi stav 52. u gornjem tekstu) i preporuke g. Jakubowicza (vidi stavove 63-69. u gornjem tekstu).
  3. Sud smatra da pitanje pravičnog zadovoljenja po članu 41. još nije spremno za odluku. Shodno tome, neophodno je to pitanje odložiti i odrediti dalju proceduru, uz to da se uzme mogućnost da stranke dođu do sporazuma (Pravilo 75, stav 4, Pravila Suda).

 

IZ OVIH RAZLOGA, SUD JEDNOGLASNO

  1. odbacuje preliminarni prigovor Vlade;

  2. zaključuje da je došlo do kršenja člana 10. Konvencije;

  3. zaključuje da pitanje primjene člana 41. još nije spremno za odluku, te shodno tome,

(a)    odlaže dato pitanje u cjelini;

(b)    poziva Vladu i podnosioce da, u roku od tri mjeseca od datuma kad ova presuda postane konačna u skaldu s članom 44, stav 2. Konvencije, dostave svoje pismene opservacije po tom pitanju, i naročito da Sud obavijeste o svakom sporazumu do kojeg eventualno dođu;

(c)    odlaže dalji postupak i delegira Predsjedniku Vijeća ovlaštenje da taj postupak zakaže, ako se za tim ukaže potreba.

 

Izrađeno na engleskom jeziku i pismeno dostavljeno na dan 17. 9. 2007. godine, u skladu s pravilom 77, stavovi 2. i 3. Pravila Suda.

Lawrence Early

Nicolas Bratza

Sekretar

Predsjednik

 

___________________________________
Prevod presude preuzet sa https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/

 

 Ovaj prevod naručen je uz podršku Zakladnog fonda za ljudska prava Vijeća Evrope (www.coe.int/humanrightstrustfund).

 

 

FOURTH SECTION

CASE OF MANOLE AND OTHERS v. MOLDOVA

(Application no. 13936/02)

 JUDGMENT

STRASBOURG 

17 September 2009

FINAL

17/12/2009

This judgment may be subject to editorial revision.

In the case of Manole and Others v. MoldovaThe European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:

Nicolas Bratza, President,
Josep Casadevall,
Giovanni Bonello,
Rait Maruste,
Lech Garlicki,
Ján Šikuta,
Stanislav Pavlovschi, judges,
and Lawrence EarlySection Registrar,

Having deliberated in private on 27 August 2009,

Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:

PROCEDURE

1.  The case originated in an application (no. 13936/02) against the Republic of Moldova lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by nine Moldovan nationals (“the applicants”: see paragraphs 9-17 below), on 19 March 2002.

2.  The applicantswho had been granted legal aid, were represented by Mr V. Nagacevschi and Mr V. Gribincea acting on behalf of “Lawyers for Human Rights”, a non-governmental organisation based in Chişinău. The Moldovan Government (the Governmentwere represented by their Agent at the time, Mr V. Parlog.

3.  The applicants, who were all employed or formerly employed as journalists at Teleradio-Moldova (“TRM”), alleged that they were victims of a practice of undue political influence over editorial policy, in breach of Article 10 of the Convention.

4.  On 15 June 2004, a Chamber of the Fourth Section declared the application partially inadmissible and decided to communicate the complaints of the above nine applicants to the Government for observations.

5.  A hearing took place in public in the Human Rights BuildingStrasbourg, on 8 March 2006 (Rule 59 § 3).

There appeared before the Court:

(a)  for the Government
MrV. ParlogAgent,
MrsD. Sarcu,
MrsL. Grimalschi,
MrsI.Lupusor,Advisers;

(b)  for the applicants
MrV. Nagacevschi,
MrV. Gribincea,Counsel,

The Court heard addresses by Mr Parlog, Mr Nagascevschi and Mr Gribincea.

6.  By a decision of 26 September 2006, the Court declared the remainder of the application admissible.

THE FACTS

I.  THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE

A.  Teleradio-Moldova

7.  Teleradio-Moldova” (TRM) was created by Presidential decree as a State-owned company o11 March 1994, out of the previously existing State broadcasting bodyTRM's statutes were changed in 19951996 and again in 2002, when it was transformed into a public company (see paragraphs 5960 and 65 below) and was registered as such on 26 July 2004.

8.  In November 2004 a privately-owned Moldovan television station (NIT) began broadcasting nationally. Until that date, in addition to TRMonly one Romanian public channel (Romania 1) and one Russian public channel (ORT) could be viewed throughout Moldova. Romania 1 carried no local news and ORT introduced a daily 10-minute Moldovan news bulletin in 2002. While, in October 2004, 61% of Moldova's population was rural, cable television was available only in the big cities and the use of satellite television was largely undeveloped. According to the Government, a survey commissioned by the Centre of Independent Journalism (see paragraph 76 belowin 2004 found that TRM was the most-watched channel in Moldova and that TRM's evening news bulletin was the favourite television programme of approximately 20% of the population.

B.  The applicants

9.   Larisa Manole (the first applicant) had worked in television since 1982 and was the Head of TRM's Television News Section between 2001-2002 and editor and presenter of the evening news bulletin in Romanian. She left TRM in September 2002.

10.  Corina Fusu (the second applicant) edited and presented the morning entertainment show, as well as TRM's evening news bulletin and a programme dedicated to French culture. She joined TRM's predecessor in 1990 and was made redundant in November 2004.

11.  Mircea Surdu (the third applicant) was the editor-in-chief and presenter of a weekly evening talk-show on cultural, social and political issues. He joined TRM's predecessor in 1985 and was dismissed by the State Company in August 2004 but employed by the Public Company in August 2004.

12.  Dinu Rusnac (the fourth applicant) was a senior editor in the Television News Section and presented the evening news in Russian. He joined TRM in July 1994 and was made redundant in November 2004.

13.  Diana Donică (the fifth applicant) was a senior director of the Television Cultural Section and worked on the show presented by Mircea SurduShe joined TRM in August 1994 and was dismissed by the State Company in August 2004 but employed by the Public Company in August 2004.

14.  Leonid Melnic (the sixth applicant) was the producer of several programmes and talk-shows within the Television Cultural SectionHe joined TRM's predecessor in August 1992 and was dismissed by the State Company in August 2004 but employed by the Public Company in August 2004.

15.  Viorica Cucereanu-Bogatu (the seventh applicant) worked as a special correspondent in the Television News SectionShe joined TRM's predecessor in August 1979 and was made redundant in November 2004.

16.  Angela Aramă-Leahu (the eighth applicant) was a senior editor and presenter in the Television Cultural Section, as well as producer and presenter of an entertainment show. She joined TRM's predecessor in December 1983 and was made redundant in November 2004.

17.  Ludmila Vasilache (the ninth applicant) was an editor and presenter of several programmes within the Television Cultural Section. She joined TRM's predecessor in February 1990. She was dismissed by the State Company in August 2004 but employed by the Public Company in August 2004.

C.  The parties' submissions as regards undue political control at TRM between February 2001 and November 2004

1.  The applicants

18.  According to the applicants, TRM was subjected to political control throughout its existence. However, after February 2001, when the Communist Party won a large majority in the parliamentary elections, a number of senior managers at TRM were removed and their positions filled with persons loyal to the Government. The restrictions on journalistic freedom of expression allegedly then became acute.

19.  The applicants alleged that the information disseminated on the news bulletins was strictly controlled by TRM's senior management. Whereas it had formerly been part of the first applicant's job to select news items and write the script for the part of the bulletin which she presented, after 2001 this task was taken over by the Head of the News Section, who would decide which items should be included on the basis of a schedule prepared by the State news agency “Moldpres”. The selection was submitted for approval to the President of TRM and the Director of Radio and Television. Material covering parliamentary, governmental or presidential sessions as well as local visits by official bodies would be given priority.

20.  Only a trusted group of journalists and technicians were used for interviews and reports of a political nature. Whereas before 2001 the journalists had had a large measure of editorial control, they were now given instructions as to the tone and direction that the piece should take; occasionally the entire script was dictated to them. Interviews and other reports which were not broadcast live were selected and edited to present the ruling party in a favourable light.

21.  In accordance with TRM policy, reports on the activities of pro-government bodies and officials would last between 3 and 5 minutes. Reports about other events would last between a maximum of 60 and 90 seconds. As a result two-thirds of the time allocated to news bulletins would be dedicated to reports on Government issues. Any conflict within the country or events organised by the opposition, non-governmental organisations or people with views other than those held by the ruling party would not be reported. No opposition party had access to air-time and a “black-list” was composed of prominent persons from political, cultural and scientific life who did not support the Communist Party and who were not, therefore, allowed access to TRM programmes. On the rare occasions when an opposition politician was given air-time, the interviews were truncated or the speech was overdubbed with journalistic comment or text provided by the Government news agency, Moldpres.

22.  Programmes other than the news bulletins were also subject to censorship. Controversial topics were forbidden; the identity of guests and studio audiences were controlled; live and interactive programmes were avoided and incoming telephone calls were screened. The weekly broadcasting schedule had to be approved by TRM'President. Programmes which he did not approve were omitted from the broadcasting schedule without prior notice to the viewers or the participants in the programme and without any explanation.

23.  The applicants alleged that the use of words and phrases such as “Romanian”, “Romanian language”, “Bessarabia”, “History of Romanians”, “totalitarian regime” were prohibited, as was any reference to historical periods such as the period between the two World Wars, the organised famine in the USSR, the Stalinist regime, the GULAG deportations and the period of national revival of 1989.

24.  The applicants identified a number of specific incidents during this periodThese included a disciplinary measure brought against a journalist for using the expressions totalitarian Communist regimeCommunist Government and the Square of Great National Assembly” during a live report on Independence Day, 27 August 2001; the cutting of an interview with Mircea Snegurthe first President of Moldovafrom a feature report on the evening news about Independence Day; the reprimand of a journalist who recorded an interview with the President of the Cinema Workers' Union during which the interviewee said that in the period of the totalitarian regime churches were destroyed”; the cutting of an interview with the former Secretary General of the Communist Party, G.E., on 22 September 2001because he said that presently no light can be seen at the end of the tunnel when referring to the economic situation in Moldovathe deletion of a programme, due to be shown on 28 October 2001, about the late singers Doina and Ion Aldea Teodorovicithe refusal to broadcast, on 13 February 2002an interview with the parliamentarian Vlad Cubreacov regarding the replacement on the school curriculum of the subject “History of the Romanians” by the “History of Moldova”; the refusal to allow any coverage of the opposition position during a report on 22 February 2002 of a debate in Parliament about the socio-political situation; the censorship of a report of a press conference given by the deputy of the parliamentary faction Alianţa Braghişcriticising Government proposals for territorial-administrative reformthe banning of reports about the Congress of Philologists and Conferences organised by Historians because opinions about the History of Romanians and the Romanian language were expressed; the banning, in April 2002, of a feature report about the inauguration of the Museum of National History which was dedicated to the victims of the Stalinist repressions; the banning of a feature report in July 2002 about Professor Elle Pelerino, because she referred to the Soviet deportation of ethnic Germans; the deletion, from a feature report in July 2002 about the late Gheorghe Ghimpu, of the title of his book “The national conscience of the Moldovan Romanians”; a ban during the Christmas seasons 2002 and 2003 of any interview with clergymen of the Metropolitan Church of Bessarabia.

25. On 28 November 2003 the Bună Seara talk show, presented by the applicant Mircea Surdu, was to be dedicated to a discussion of the plan for the federalisation of Moldova proposed by the Russian Federation. The guests on the show were Vladimir Filipov, the representative of the Council of Europe in Moldova, Klaus Neurkirh, the spokesman of the OSCE Mission, and the three leaders of the Parliamentary factionsVictor Stepaniuc, Dumitru Braghiş and Iurie Roşca. Vladimir Filipov was told by the President of TRM a few hours before the broadcast was due to start that he need not attend as the show had been cancelled. The production team and presenter were not informed. The representative of the OSCE, Dumitru Braghiş and Iurie Roşca came to the studio. The public took their places and the show began. However, unknown to the participants, and without any explanation, it was not broadcast and a film was shown in its place. The journalists who had worked on it were subsequently interrogated by the police.

2.  The Government

26. The Government did not take issue with the specific incidents identified above by the applicants. However, they asserted that opposition politicians had access to national television and that the 2002 protests were reported, as shown by the texts of news programmes for the period 14-27 February 2002 and for occasional dates in April 2002, July 2002 and November 2003. In addition, the published TV Guides showed the following broadcasts on TRM: on 14 May 2004, a programme entitled “The Tribune of Political Parties”; on 12 July 2004, a programme entitled “Public Life”, with the participation of the President of Moldova; and on 15 July 2004, “The Democratic Process and Freedom of the Media”, with the participation of Mr V. Stepaniuc, the leader of the Communist parliamentary faction, Mr D. Braghiş, the leader of the Parliamentary faction “Moldova Democrată”, Mr M. Petrache, the leader of an extra-parliamentary party “Centrist Union”, and other persons who were not representatives of any political parties.

27.  Since 2002, to cater for the principal minority groups, TRM had broadcast programmes in six languages, namely Russian, Ukrainian, Gagaouz, Bulgarian, Rom and Yiddish.

28.  During the 2005 electoral campaign, programmes such as “The Opposition's Hour” and subsequently “Counterpoint” allowed the opposition to express their point of view for one hour every week. Outside the electoral period, the programme “The Political Parties' Platform” provided ten minutes each week for an opposition politician to address the public. Furthermore, since 2005, all debates in Parliament had been broadcast on TRM's television and radio channels.

D.  The 2002 protests and strike

29.  From 9 January to May 2002 the principal opposition party at that time, the Christian Democratic People's Party, organised daily demonstrations against the Government's decision to modify the school history curriculum and reintroduce the compulsory study of Russian. The demonstrations, in the Square of the Great National Assembly outside the main Government building, involved tens of thousands of protesters (see further The Christian Democratic People's Party v. Moldova, no. 28793/02, ECHR 2006-II).

30.  According to the Government, the demonstrations were reported in TRM news bulletins, principally in feature reports by the applicant Corina Fusu. The applicants, however, alleged that coverage of the demonstrations was very limited and strictly controlled so that, in particular, it was forbidden to give any information about the reasons for the protests or the views expressed by the opposition during the parliamentary debate.

31.  On 25 February 2002, 331 members of staff at TRM signed the following declaration of protest:

“We, the employees of Teleradio-Moldova, note that after the Communist Party's victory in the elections, our freedom of expression has been impaired. Our viewers and listeners have been deprived of the right to accurate and impartial information. In fact, the authorities have restored, in national radio and television, Soviet-style political censorship, prohibited by the Constitution of Moldova. As a result 'Teleradio-Moldova' has become an instrument for brainwashing and the manipulation of public opinion, а mouthpiece of the ruling party. We protest against these totalitarian actions, which infringe the rights of television viewers, radio listeners and the freedom of the press as a whole. Breaches of democratic principles of this kind are dangerous, because they destabilise the political situation within our country. We express our solidarity with the actions of the demonstrators, aimed against the forced russification and deliberate destruction of the democratic system. We demand the abolition of censorship within the State Company Teleradio-Moldova and respect for the people's right to accurate, reliable and impartial information. We demand that the authorities respect the democratic and pro-European policy which the people of this country have chosen.”

32.  On 26 February 2002 the declaration was forwarded to the news agencies and several thousand people gathered in front of the TRM headquarters to protest against political controlLater that day, during the recording of the 7 p.m. news bulletin, the fourth applicant, Dinu Rusnac, refused to read from the script which he had been given which omitted any mention of the protests outside the TRM headquarters. The news crew began to broadcast a report about the demonstrations but, after a few minutes, the bulletin was interrupted and replaced with a documentary film. Military personnel were summoned to the studio. Larisa Manole was not permitted to present the Romanian language news bulletin at 9 p.m., because of her involvement in the protests.

33.  On 27 February 2002 a group of TRM staff decided to go on a “go-slow” strike and a Strike Committee was elected for that purpose. The Strike Committee sent TRM's President and the Government a list of demands, including the abolition of censorship, and the editors and news-casters decided to start producing uncensored news bulletins. A group of approximately 700 demonstrators gathered outside the TRM building.

 34.  That afternoon (27 February 2002), the President of Moldova came to TRM and met with representatives of the Strike Committee. He stated that he was also opposed to censorship. However, he rejected a demand to offer the opposition one hour of air-time, on the ground that the demonstrations in the Square of the Great National Assembly were illegal.

35. On 5 March 2002 the fourth applicant, Dina Rusnac, included in the script of the 7 p.m. news bulletin an item about the response of the Strike Committee to certain declarations of the President of Moldova and also an interview with the leader of the Christian Democratic Peoples Party, Iurie Roşca. The Head of the News Section deleted these paragraphs from the script. During the programme, which was broadcast live, Mr Rusnac made allegations of censorship and held the redacted script up to camera. Immediately, the Section Head ordered the technician to cut the sound.

36.  On 7 March 2002 Parliament created a special Parliamentary Commission to elaborate a “strategy for improving the work of [TRM]”.

E.  Disciplinary measures against the first and fourth applicants

37.  Following the events of 27 February 2002, the first applicant, Larisa Manole, who had formerly read the news in Romanian every evening, was permitted to present it only one or two evenings a week. On 6 March 2002, on the ground that she had made a mistake while reading the news, she was demoted from the position of editor and senior news-reader to that of a junior reporter and was no longer permitted to present the bulletin.

38.  She brought employment proceedings against TRM and on 11 September 2002 the Court of Appeal held in her favour, ordering TRM to reinstate her in her previous position of news-reader. TRM did not, however, comply with the judgment and Ms Manole never got her former job back. She was not given enough work as a reporter and was allegedly subjected to harassment and censorship, to the point where she was no longer able to earn a living and had to resign on 13 November 2002. She then worked for a press agency and for another television company.

39.  On 7 March 2002 the fourth applicant, Dinu Rusnac, was subjected to a disciplinary sanction in the form of a severe warning (“mustrare aspră”) for having departed from the authorised script of the news bulletin on his own initiative. In addition, he was demoted from his position of news-reader and deprived of the right to present any news programmes.

40.  He brought proceedings against TRM and, on 23 September 2002, the Court of Appeal annulled the disciplinary sanction on the ground that Mr Rusnac did not appear to have breached any contractual obligation by departing from the script. It rejected his claim to be reinstated as news-readerhowever, since it found that he had no contractual right to this position which he had filled on the basis of an oral agreement only. On 25 October 2002 TRM withdraw the disciplinary sanction in compliance with the Court of Appeal's judgment.

F.  The report of the Audiovisual Coordinating Council

41.  Between 16 and 19 April 2002 the Audiovisual Coordinating Council (“ACC”: see paragraph 58 beloworganised a series of meetings with managers and staff at TRM to discuss the issue of censorship and other problems facing the company. On 29 April 2002 the ACC published its conclusions, as follows:

“Both the company's administration and the staff expressed their interest and desire to find a rapid solution to the conflict, which had given rise to demands and the creation of a strike committee.

The discussions centred on two general themes:

the politicised nature of the Strike Committee and the events that had occurred within [TRM];

social and administrative issues, with emphasis on the staff's unrealised creative potential.

A long series of events led up to the strike. There had been a very high turnover of senior managers in the company'central administration and departments, which had serious ramifications. Contrary to their contracts of employment, certain journalists and assistant directors stopped complying with instructions relating to the preparation and broadcasting of programmes, which led to a slipping of established standards and disregard for the rules and requirements of broadcasting. The political bias of certain television journalists is shown by the fact that a group of them immediately gave their support to the demonstrations at the Great National Assembly Square organised by the parliamentary opposition party. Taking advantage of the situation this created, the journalists not only improperly breached professional procedures but also did their bit to aggravate the situation in the company by dividing the staff into two camps: 'us' and 'them'.

... Disciplinary sanctions, including the withdrawal of the presenter's licence, were imposed on the journalists who had violated broadcasting procedures. The biased statements of members of the Strike Committee were rejected by the majority of TRM staff. This led to the creation of the Anti-Strike Committee, which has no fewer members than the Strike Committee.

The Strike Committee's action was not supported by TRM's Trade Union Committee. The members of the Strike Committee presented demands not only to the company's administration and the Government but also to the Council of Europe, without informing the Audiovisual Coordinating Council.

With regard to the notions of 'censorship' and 'application of censorship' in the creative process, there was an attempt to qualify as 'censorship' the basic requirements imposed by the duty to comply with the obligations of service. At the same time the notions of both 'external' and 'internal' censorship were broached.

In fact, they have tried to use the existence of censorship to justify their own poor quality work and lack of professionalism. Journalists have failed properly to perform the tasks which senior management, with the aim of producing impartial programmes, have entrusted to them. The basic requirements of professionalism are interpreted as a form of diktat or censorship. Nonetheless, it cannot be ruled out that certain directors attempted to conduct their own live broadcasting in favour of the party line of the parliamentary majority. Attempts by representatives of State power to influence the message conveyed by programmes still persist, although the ACC does not have any concrete examples of this. It is easy to understand that this form of improper influence has led to protests on the part of creative staff. This is typical of television.

Thus, 'political censorship' has been defined as a lack of professionalism on the part of certain directors regarding the organisation of the creative process. 'Political censorship' has evolved into 'intellectual censorship'.

It has also been observed that the company's administration does not forbid the use of the words Bessarabia, Romanian, Romanian language, Romanian history, or totalitarian regime in a historical context; however, it does not allow their use in reports about current events. The demands of the members of the Strike Committee have been given air-time. ...

TRM's Statute was subjected to the scrutiny of the European Union before being adopted by the Government. However, certain Articles and provisions have not yet been reflected in TRM's creative activity or in the relations between management and staff. The proposals to change the State company into a public institution are aspirational and do not have a financial basis. ...

So, the ACC, having examined the state of affairs in the State-owned company Teleradio-Moldova, considers that

The permanent practice of changing directors and the exertion of pressure on creative staff, which is interpreted as the application of censorship, are incompatible with the activity of the creative workforce.

The Statute of the State-owned company Teleradio-Moldova and the possible creation in the future of public posts in television and radio broadcasting should be publicly examined.

The provisions of the Statute must be strictly complied with by the company, whose responsibility it is to set up a collegial Board of Directors.

The definitive decision regarding the provision of powerful equipment and funding, including remuneration, should be taken by Parliament and the Government.

The Statute and composition of the Television and Radio Artistic Commission, and the instructions for preparing and launching programmes must be re-examined. Provision must be made for permanent review of the legislation pertaining to the audiovisual sector and with full responsibility.

The procedures for the training and reorientation of staff must be revised, and training programmes organised in studios abroad.”

G.  Transformation of TRM into a public company and the reinstatement procedure

42.  On 7 June 2002 the President of Moldova made a statement to the press concerning TRM. He expressed his reservations as regards the Resolution of the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe urging the Moldovan authorities to transform the State Company TRM into a Public Company (see paragraph 61 below), but declared that he would accept Parliament's decision to make such a change.

43.  On 26 July 2002 Parliament enacted Law no. 1320-XV on the Public Audiovisual Institution, “Teleradio-Moldova”, by which the State Company became a Public Company (see paragraph 65 below).

44.  According to the new law, the staff of the old State Company had to pass an examination in order to be employed at the new Public Company. An Examination Commission was appointed in May 2004. The applicant Mircea Surdu was chosen to represent existing TRM staff in the Commission.

45.  All the applicants sat the examination. The results were made public on 26 July 2004. Corina Fusu, Dinu Rusnac, Viorica Cucereanu-Bogatu, and Angela Arama-Leahu failed to be confirmed in their posts, together with a large number of the persons who had been active during the 2002 strike. Mircea Surdu resigned from the Examination Commission in protest.

46.  On 27 July 2004 the journalists who had not been retained in post organised a press conference at which they contended that they had been dismissed for political reasons. A feature report about that press conference was scheduled for the 7 p.m. news bulletin. However, the President of TRM took the decision to broadcast a nature documentary instead.

47.  On the same date, the President of TRM issued an order by which nineteen of the individuals who had taken part in the press-conference, including five of the applicants, were banned from entering TRM premises. The journalists and their supporters continued their protest outside the TRM building for approximately several months.

H.  Litigation concerning the reinstatement procedure

48.  The applicants Corina Fusu, Angela Aramă-Leahu, Dinu Rusnac and 57 other individuals complained to the Administrative Chamber of the Chişinău Court of Appeal about the unlawfulness of the reinstatement procedure, claiming in particular that the Examination Panel had been unlawfully constituted.

49.  By a judgment of 24 September 2004 the Chişinău Court of Appeal dismissed the action as unfounded. It foundinter alia, that the Examination Panel had been constituted pursuant to Law No. 1320-XV of 26 July 2002, and that this Law did not grant the applicants any specific rights as to the organisation of the examination. TRM had acted within its discretionary powers under the law and there was no right to challenge legislative provisions.

50.  On 16 March 2005 the Supreme Court of Justice dismissed the appeal as unfounded.

II.  PRINCIPLES AND GUIDELINES ON PUBLIC SERVICE BROADCASTING DEVELOPED BY THE COMMITTEE OF MINISTERS OF THE COUNCIL OF EUROPE

51.  At the Fourth European Ministerial Conference on Mass Media Policy in Prague, 7-8 December 1994, the Committee of Ministers adopted the following resolutions:

Resolution No. 1 on The Future of Public Service Broadcasting

... Acknowledging that public service broadcasting, both radio and television, support the values underlying the political, legal and social structures of democratic societies, and in particular respect for human rights, culture and political pluralism;

Stressing the importance of public service broadcasting for democratic societies;

Recognising therefore the need to guarantee the permanence and stability of public service broadcasting so as to allow it to continue to operate in the service of the public;

Underlining the vital function of public service broadcasting as an essential factor of pluralistic communication accessible to everyone;

Recalling the importance of radio and stressing its great potential for the development of democratic societies, particularly at the regional and local levels;

I.  General principles

Affirm their commitment to maintain and develop a strong public service broadcasting system in an environment characterised by an increasingly competitive offer of programme services and rapid technological change;

Acknowledge, in line with the conclusions adopted at the 1st European Ministerial Conference, that privately owned companies as well as public organisations may provide such a service;

Undertake to guarantee at least one comprehensive wide-range programme service comprising information, education, culture and entertainment which is accessible to all members of the public, while acknowledging that public service broadcasters must also be permitted to provide, where appropriate, additional programme services such as thematic services;

Undertake to define clearly, in accordance with appropriate arrangements in domestic law and practice and in respect for their international obligations, the role, missions and responsibilities of public service broadcasters and to ensure their editorial independence against political and economic interference;

Undertake to guarantee public service broadcasters secure and appropriate means necessary for the fulfilment of their missions;

Agree to implement these commitments in accordance with the following framework:

II.  Policy framework for public service broadcasting

Public service requirements

Participating States agree that public service broadcasters, within the general framework defined for them and without prejudice to more specific public service remits, must have principally the following missions:

- to provide, through their programming, a reference point for all members of the public and a factor for social cohesion and integration of all individuals, groups and communities. In particular, they must reject any cultural, sexual, religious or racial discrimination and any form of social segregation;

- to provide a forum for public discussion in which as broad a spectrum as possible of views and opinions can be expressed;

- to broadcast impartial and independent news, information and comment;

- to develop pluralistic, innovatory and varied programming which meets high ethical and quality standards and not to sacrifice the pursuit of quality to market forces;

- to develop and structure programme schedules and services of interest to a wide public while being attentive to the needs of minority groups;

- to reflect the different philosophical ideas and religious beliefs in society, with the aim of strengthening mutual understanding and tolerance and promoting community relations in pluriethnic and multicultural societies;

- to contribute actively through their programming to a greater appreciation and dissemination of the diversity of national and European cultural heritage;

- to ensure that the programmes offered contain a significant proportion of original productions, especially feature films, drama and other creative works, and to have regard to the need to use independent producers and co-operate with the cinema sector;

- to extend the choice available to viewers and listeners by also offering programme services which are not normally provided by commercial broadcasters.

Funding

Participating states undertake to maintain and, where necessary, establish an appropriate and secure funding framework which guarantees public service broadcasters the means necessary to accomplish their missions. There exist a number of sources of funding for sustaining and promoting public service broadcasting, such as: licence fees, public subsidies, advertising and sponsorship revenue; sales of their audio-visual works and programme agreements. Where appropriate, funding may also be provided from charges for thematic services offered as a complement to the basic service.

The level of licence fee or public subsidy should be projected over a sufficient period of time so as to allow public service broadcasters to engage in long term planning.

Economic practices

Participating states should endeavour to ensure that economic practices such as the concentration of media ownership, the acquisition of exclusive rights and the control over distribution systems such as conditional access techniques, do not prejudice the vital contribution public service broadcasters have to make to pluralism and the right of the public to receive information.

Independence and accountability

Participating states undertake to guarantee the independence of public service broadcasters against political and economic interference. In particular, day to day management and editorial responsibility for programme schedules and the content of programmes must be a matter entirely for the broadcasters themselves.

The independence of public service broadcasters must be guaranteed by appropriate structures such as pluralistic internal boards or other independent bodies.

The control and accountability of public service broadcasters, especially as regards the discharge of their missions and use of their resources, must be guaranteed by appropriate means.

Public service broadcasters must be directly accountable to the public. To that end, public service broadcasters should regularly publish information on their activities and develop procedures for allowing viewers and listeners to comment on the way in which they carry out their missions. ...

Participating states, together with public service broadcasters, should examine at regular intervals at the European level the impact of technological change on the role of public service broadcasting at both the national and transnational levels.

52.  In 1996 the Committee of Ministers adopted Recommendation no. R(96)10, on “The Guarantee of the Independence of Public Service Broadcasting”, which stated as follows:

“The Committee of Ministers, under the terms of Article 15.b of the Statute of the Council of Europe,

Considering that the aim of the Council of Europe is to achieve a greater unity between its members for the purpose of safeguarding and realising the ideals and principles which are their common heritage;

Recalling that the independence of the media, including broadcasting, is essential for the functioning of a democratic society;

Stressing the importance which it attaches to respect for media independence, especially by governments;

Recalling in this respect the principles endorsed by the governments of the member states of the Council of Europe set out in the declaration on freedom of expression and information of 29 April 1982, especially as regards the need for a wide range of independent and autonomous means of communication allowing for the reflection of a diversity of ideas and opinions;

Reaffirming the vital role of public service broadcasting as an essential factor of pluralistic communication which is accessible to everyone at both national and regional levels, through the provision of a basic comprehensive programme service comprising information, education, culture and entertainment;

Recalling the commitments accepted by the representatives of the states participating in the 4th European Ministerial Conference on Mass Media Policy (Prague, 7-8 December 1994) in the framework of Resolution No. 1 on the future of public service broadcasting, especially respect for the independence of public service broadcasting organisations;

Noting the need to develop further the principles on the independence of public service broadcasting set out in the aforementioned Prague resolution in the light of the challenges raised by political, economic and technological change in Europe;

Considering that, in the light of these challenges, the independence of public service broadcasting should be guaranteed expressly at the national level by means of a body of rules dealing with all aspects of its functioning;

Underlining the importance of ensuring strict respect for these rules by any person or authority external to public service broadcasting organisations,

Recommends the governments of the member states:

a. to include in their domestic law or in instruments governing public service broadcasting organisations provisions guaranteeing their independence in accordance with the guidelines set out in the appendix to this recommendation;

b. to bring these guidelines to the attention of authorities responsible for supervising the activities of public service broadcasting organisations as well as to the attention of the management and staff of such organisations.

Appendix to Recommendation No. R(96)10

Guidelines on the guarantee of the independence of public service broadcasting

I.  General provisions

The legal framework governing public service broadcasting organisations should clearly stipulate their editorial independence and institutional autonomy, especially in areas such as:

- the definition of programme schedules;

- the conception and production of programmes;

- the editing and presentation of news and current affairs programmes;

- the organisation of the activities of the service;

- recruitment, employment and staff management within the service;

- the purchase, hire, sale and use of goods and services;

- the management of financial resources;

- the preparation and execution of the budget;

- the negotiation, preparation and signature of legal acts relating to the operation of the service;

- the representation of the service in legal proceedings as well as with respect to third parties.

The provisions relating to the responsibility and supervision of public service broadcasting organisations and their statutory organs should be clearly defined in the governing legal framework.

The programming activities of public service broadcasting organisations shall not be subject to any form of censorship.

No a priori control of the activities of public service broadcasting organisations shall be exercised by external persons or bodies except in exceptional cases provided for by law.

II.  Boards of management of public service broadcasting organisations

1.  Competences

The legal framework governing public service broadcasting organisations should stipulate that their boards of management are solely responsible for the day-to-day operation of their organisation.

2.  Status

The rules governing the status of the boards of management of public service broadcasting organisations, especially their membership, should be defined in a manner which avoids placing the boards at risk of any political or other interference.

These rules should, in particular, stipulate that the members of boards of management or persons assuming such functions in an individual capacity:

- exercise their functions strictly in the interests of the public service broadcasting organisation which they represent and manage;

- may not, directly or indirectly, exercise functions, receive payment or hold interests in enterprises or other organisations in media or media-related sectors where this would lead to a conflict of interest with the management functions which they exercise in their public service broadcasting organisation;

- may not receive any mandate or take instructions from any person or body whatsoever other than the bodies or individuals responsible for the supervision of the public service broadcasting organisation in question, subject to exceptional cases provided for by law.

3.  Responsibilities

Subject to their accountability to the courts for the exercise of their competences in cases provided for by law, the boards of management of public service broadcasting organisations, or individuals assuming such functions in an individual capacity, should only be accountable for the exercise of their functions to the supervisory body of their public service broadcasting organisation.

Any decision taken by the aforementioned supervisory bodies against members of the boards of management of public service broadcasting organisations or persons assuming such functions in an individual capacity for breach of their duties and obligations should be duly reasoned and subject to appeal to the competent courts.

III.  Supervisory bodies of public service broadcasting organisations

1.  Competences

The legal framework governing public service broadcasting organisations should define clearly and precisely the competences of their supervisory bodies.

The supervisory bodies of public service broadcasting organisations should not exercise any a priori control over programming.

2. Status

The rules governing the status of the supervisory bodies of public service broadcasting organisations, especially their membership, should be defined in a way which avoids placing the bodies at risk of political or other interference.

These rules should, in particular, guarantee that the members of the supervisory bodies:

- are appointed in an open and pluralistic manner;

- represent collectively the interests of society in general;

- may not receive any mandate or take any instructions from any person or body other than the one which appointed them, subject to any contrary provisions prescribed by law in exceptional cases;

- may not be dismissed, suspended or replaced during their term of office by any person or body other than the one which appointed them, except where the supervisory body has duly certified that they are incapable of or have been prevented from exercising their functions;

- may not, directly or indirectly, exercise functions, receive payment or hold interests in enterprises or other organisations in media or media-related sectors where this would lead to a conflict of interest with their functions within the supervisory body.

Rules on the payment of members of the supervisory bodies of public service broadcasting organisations should be defined in a clear and open manner by the texts governing these bodies.

IV.  Staff of public service broadcasting organisations

The recruitment, promotion and transfer as well as the rights and obligations of the staff of public service broadcasting organisations should not depend on origin, sex, opinions or political, philosophical or religious beliefs or trade union membership.

The staff of public service broadcasting organisations should be guaranteed without discrimination the right to take part in trade union activities and to strike, subject to any restrictions laid down by law to guarantee the continuity of the public service or other legitimate reasons.

The legal framework governing public service broadcasting organisations should clearly stipulate that the staff of these organisations may not take any instructions whatsoever from individuals or bodies outside the organisation employing them without the agreement of the board of management of the organisation, subject to the competences of the supervisory bodies.

V.  Funding of public service broadcasting organisations

The rules governing the funding of public service broadcasting organisations should be based on the principle that member states undertake to maintain and, where necessary, establish an appropriate, secure and transparent funding framework which guarantees public service broadcasting organisations the means necessary to accomplish their missions.

The following principles should apply in cases where the funding of a public service broadcasting organisation is based either entirely or in part on a regular or exceptional contribution from the state budget or on a licence fee:

- the decision-making power of authorities external to the public service broadcasting organisation in question regarding its funding should not be used to exert, directly or indirectly, any influence over the editorial independence and institutional autonomy of the organisation;

- the level of the contribution or licence fee should be fixed after consultation with the public service broadcasting organisation concerned, taking account of trends in the costs of its activities, and in a way which allows the organisation to carry out fully its various missions;

- payment of the contribution or licence fee should be made in a way which guarantees the continuity of the activities of the public service broadcasting organisation and which allows it to engage in long-term planning;

- the use of the contribution or licence fee by the public service broadcasting organisation should respect the principle of independence and autonomy mentioned in guideline No. 1;

- where the contribution or licence fee revenue has to be shared among several public service broadcasting organisations, this should be done in a way which satisfies in an equitable manner the needs of each organisation.

The rules on the financial supervision of public service broadcasting organisations should not prejudice their independence in programming matters as stated in guideline No. 1.

VI.  The programming policy of public service broadcasting organisations

The legal framework governing public service broadcasting organisations should clearly stipulate that they shall ensure that news programmes fairly present facts and events and encourage the free formation of opinions.

The cases in which public service broadcasting organisations may be compelled to broadcast official messages, declarations or communications, or to report on the acts or decisions of public authorities, or to grant airtime to such authorities, should be confined to exceptional circumstances expressly laid down in laws or regulations.

Any official announcements should be clearly described as such and should be broadcast under the sole responsibility of the commissioning authority.

VII.  Access by public service broadcasting organisations to new communications technologies

Public service broadcasting organisations should be able to exploit new communications technologies and, where authorised, to develop new services based on such technologies in order to fulfil in an independent manner their missions as defined by law.”

53.  In December 2000 the Committee of Ministers adopted Recommendation Rec(2000)23 on “The Independence and Functions of Regulatory Authorities for the Broadcasting Sector” which, inter alia, emphasised that to guarantee the existence of a wide range of independent and autonomous media in the broadcasting sector, it was essential to provide for adequate and proportionate regulation, in order to guarantee the freedom of the media whilst at the same time ensuring a balance between that freedom and other legitimate rights and interests. The Committee of Ministers therefore recommended that Member States should:

“a. establish, if they have not already done so, independent regulatory authorities for the broadcasting sector;

b. include provisions in their legislation and measures in their policies entrusting the regulatory authorities for the broadcasting sector with powers which enable them to fulfil their missions, as prescribed by national law, in an effective, independent and transparent manner, in accordance with the guidelines set out in the appendix to this recommendation;

c. bring these guidelines to the attention of the regulatory authorities for the broadcasting sector, public authorities and professional groups concerned, as well as to the general public, while ensuring the effective respect of the independence of the regulatory authorities with regard to any interference in their activities.

Appendix to Recommendation Rec(2000)23

Guidelines concerning the independence and functions of regulatory authorities for the broadcasting sector

I.  General legislative framework

1.  Member states should ensure the establishment and unimpeded functioning of regulatory authorities for the broadcasting sector by devising an appropriate legislative framework for this purpose. The rules and procedures governing or affecting the functioning of regulatory authorities should clearly affirm and protect their independence.

2.  The duties and powers of regulatory authorities for the broadcasting sector, as well as the ways of making them accountable, the procedures for appointment of their members and the means of their funding should be clearly defined in law.

II.  Appointment, composition and functioning

3.  The rules governing regulatory authorities for the broadcasting sector, especially their membership, are a key element of their independence. Therefore, they should be defined so as to protect them against any interference, in particular by political forces or economic interests.

4.  For this purpose, specific rules should be defined as regards incompatibilities in order to avoid that:

- regulatory authorities are under the influence of political power;

- members of regulatory authorities exercise functions or hold interests in enterprises or other organisations in the media or related sectors, which might lead to a conflict of interest in connection with membership of the regulatory authority.

5.  Furthermore, rules should guarantee that the members of these authorities:

- are appointed in a democratic and transparent manner;

- may not receive any mandate or take any instructions from any person or body;

- do not make any statement or undertake any action which may prejudice the independence of their functions and do not take any advantage of them.

6.  Finally, precise rules should be defined as regards the possibility to dismiss members of regulatory authorities so as to avoid that dismissal be used as a means of political pressure.

7.  In particular, dismissal should only be possible in case of non-respect of the rules of incompatibility with which they must comply or incapacity to exercise their functions duly noted, without prejudice to the possibility for the person concerned to appeal to the courts against the dismissal. Furthermore, dismissal on the grounds of an offence connected or not with their functions should only be possible in serious instances clearly defined by law, subject to a final sentence by a court.

8.  Given the broadcasting sector's specific nature and the peculiarities of their missions, regulatory authorities should include experts in the areas which fall within their competence.

III.  Financial independence

9.  Arrangements for the funding of regulatory authorities - another key element in their independence - should be specified in law in accordance with a clearly defined plan, with reference to the estimated cost of the regulatory authorities' activities, so as to allow them to carry out their functions fully and independently.

10.  Public authorities should not use their financial decision-making power to interfere with the independence of regulatory authorities. Furthermore, recourse to the services or expertise of the national administration or third parties should not affect their independence.

11.  Funding arrangements should take advantage, where appropriate, of mechanisms which do not depend on ad-hoc decision-making of public or private bodies.

IV.  Powers and competence

Regulatory powers

12.  Subject to clearly defined delegation by the legislator, regulatory authorities should have the power to adopt regulations and guidelines concerning broadcasting activities. Within the framework of the law, they should also have the power to adopt internal rules.

...

Monitoring broadcasters' compliance with their commitments and obligations

18.  Another essential function of regulatory authorities should be monitoring compliance with the conditions laid down in law and in the licences granted to broadcasters. They should, in particular, ensure that broadcasters who fall within their jurisdiction respect the basic principles laid down in the European Convention on Transfrontier Television, and in particular those defined in Article 7.

19.  Regulatory authorities should not exercise a priori control over programming and the monitoring of programmes should therefore always take place after the broadcasting of programmes.

20.  Regulatory authorities should be given the right to request and receive information from broadcasters in so far as this is necessary for the performance of their tasks.

21.  Regulatory authorities should have the power to consider complaints, within their field of competence, concerning the broadcasters' activity and to publish their conclusions regularly.

22.  When a broadcaster fails to respect the law or the conditions specified in his licence, the regulatory authorities should have the power to impose sanctions, in accordance with the law.

23.  A range of sanctions which have to be prescribed by law should be available, starting with a warning. Sanctions should be proportionate and should not be decided upon until the broadcaster in question has been given an opportunity to be heard. All sanctions should also be open to review by the competent jurisdictions according to national law.

Powers in relation to public service broadcasters

24.  Regulatory authorities may also be given the mission to carry out tasks often incumbent on specific supervisory bodies of public service broadcasting organisations, while at the same time respecting their editorial independence and their institutional autonomy.

V.  Accountability

25.  Regulatory authorities should be accountable to the public for their activities, and should, for example, publish regular or ad hoc reports relevant to their work or the exercise of their missions.

26.  In order to protect the regulatory authorities' independence, whilst at the same time making them accountable for their activities, it is necessary that they should be supervised only in respect of the lawfulness of their activities, and the correctness and transparency of their financial activities. With respect to the legality of their activities, this supervision should be exercised a posteriori only. The regulations on responsibility and supervision of the regulatory authorities should be clearly defined in the laws applying to them.

27.  All decisions taken and regulations adopted by the regulatory authorities should be:

- duly reasoned, in accordance with national law;

open to review by the competent jurisdictions according to national law;

- made available to the public.”

54.  On 27 September 2006 the Committee of Ministers adopted a “Declaration on the guarantee of the independence of public service broadcasting in the member states” which provided as follows (footnotes omitted):

“Recalling the commitment of member states to the fundamental right to freedom of expression and information, as guaranteed by Article 10 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (European Convention on Human Rights);

Recalling, in particular, the importance of freedom of expression and information as a cornerstone of democratic and pluralist society, as underlined in the relevant case law of the European Court of Human Rights and, in this context, stressing the importance of the existence of a wide variety of independent and autonomous media, permitting the reflection of diversity of ideas and opinions, as stated in the Committee of Ministers' Declaration on freedom of expression and information of 29 April 1982;

Highlighting the specific remit of public service broadcasting and reaffirming its vital role as an essential element of pluralist communication and of social cohesion which, through the provision of comprehensive programme services accessible to everyone, comprising information, education, culture and entertainment, seeks to promote the values of modern democratic societies and, in particular, respect for human rights, cultural diversity and political pluralism;

Reiterating the objective to ensure the absence of any arbitrary controls or constraints on participants in the information process, on media content or on the transmission and dissemination of information, as stated in the Declaration on the freedom of expression and information;

Bearing in mind the undertaking made at the 4th European Ministerial Conference on Mass Media Policy (Prague, December 1994) to guarantee the independence of public service broadcasters against any political and economic interference and, more particularly, recalling Recommendation No. R (96) 10 on the guarantee of the independence of public service broadcasting;

Considering that the editorial independence and institutional autonomy of public service broadcasting, including through an appropriate, secure and transparent funding framework, should be guaranteed by means of a coherent policy and an adequate legal framework, and ensured by the effective implementation of the said policy and framework;

Welcoming the situation which prevails in those member states where the independence of public service broadcasting is solidly entrenched through the regulatory framework and scrupulously respected in practice, as well as the progress being made in other member states towards securing such independence;

Noting the concern expressed by the Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe in its Recommendation 1641 (2004) on public service broadcasting that the fundamental principle of the independence of public service broadcasting contained in Recommendation No. R(96)10 is still not firmly established in a number of member states;

Bearing in mind the texts adopted at the 7th European Ministerial Conference on Mass Media Policy (Kyiv, March 2005), in particular the Ministers' call for the monitoring of the implementation by member states of Recommendation No. R (96) 10, and taking note, in this connection, of the overview contained in the appendix hereto concerning the situation in member states;

Regretting developments in a few member states that tend to weaken the guarantee of independence of public service broadcasting or lessen the independence that had already been attained, and expressing concern about the slow or insignificant progress being made in certain other member states towards securing independent public service broadcasting, be it as a result of an inadequate regulatory framework or the failure to apply in practice existing laws and regulations,

I.  Reiterates its firm attachment to the objectives of editorial independence and institutional autonomy of public service broadcasting organisations in member states;

II.  Calls on member states to:

- implement, if they have not yet done so, Recommendation No. R(96)10 on the guarantee of the independence of public service broadcasting, with particular reference to the guidelines appended thereto, and having regard to the opportunities and challenges brought about by the information society, as well as by political, economic and technological changes in Europe;

- provide the legal, political, financial, technical and other means necessary to ensure genuine editorial independence and institutional autonomy of public service broadcasting organisations, so as to remove any risk of political or economic interference;

- disseminate widely the present declaration and, in particular, bring it to the attention of the relevant authorities and of public service broadcasting organisations, as well as to other interested professional and industrial circles;

III.  Invites public service broadcasters to be conscious of their particular remit in a democratic society as an essential element of pluralist communication and of social cohesion, which should offer a wide range of programmes and services to all sectors of the public, to be attentive to the conditions required in order to fulfil that remit in a fully independent manner and, to this end, to elaborate and adopt or, if appropriate, review, and to respect codes of professional ethics or internal guidelines.

Appendix to the Declaration

Introduction

1.  By decision of 24 November 2004, the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe instructed the Steering Committee on the Mass Media (CDMM), which subsequently became the Steering Committee on the Media and New Communications Services (CDMC), inter alia to look into 'the independence of the public broadcasting service'.

The Ministers participating in the 7th European Ministerial Conference on Mass Media Policy (Kyiv, March 2005) also requested that the Council of Europe 'monitor the implementation by member states of Recommendation No. R (96) 10 of the Committee of Ministers on the guarantee of the independence of public service broadcasting, with a view, if necessary, to providing further guidance to member states on how to secure this independence'.

2.  This appendix contains an overview on the independence of public service broadcasting organisations in member states. The appendix and the Committee of Ministers' declaration that precedes it have been prepared under the authority of the CDMC by its subordinate Group of Specialists on public service broadcasting in the information society (MC-S-PSB) in response to the above-mentioned instructions and request.

3.  This appendix is based on Council of Europe documents as well as on information available from a variety of other sources, including international and non-governmental organisations. Its purpose is to give an overview of the complex and diverse situation in Council of Europe member states and to identify areas where national audiovisual or media policies, as well as legal, institutional or financial frameworks for public service broadcasting resulting from these policies, may need to be re-examined to become better aligned with Council of Europe standards.

Legal framework

4.  According to Recommendation No. R (96) 10, the legal framework governing public service broadcasting organisations should clearly stipulate their independence. The general provisions in Part I of the appendix to that recommendation highlight a number of issues requiring appropriate regulations in order to guarantee that independence. Specific reference is made to the need to regulate the responsibility and supervision of public service broadcasting organisations and of their statutory organs, and to the requirement that there be no form of undue interference in the form of censorship and a priori control of their activities.

5.  Almost all Council of Europe member states have established legal frameworks governing public service broadcasting, in a few cases with a clear constitutional basis. The latter reflects the understanding that the legal basis of public service broadcasting should be subject to broad consensus.

Many of those legal frameworks can be regarded as meeting Council of Europe standards, in particular to the extent that they declare the editorial independence and institutional autonomy of public service broadcasting organisations and set out rules for the establishment, membership and operation of their governing and supervisory bodies. Some of those regulatory frameworks and the manner in which they are applied in practice are fully consistent with Council of Europe standards on the subject and, on occasion, can even be characterised as exemplary.

6.  By contrast, in a number of Council of Europe member states, legal frameworks for public service broadcasting organisations are unclear or incomplete. In some cases, the applicable regulations are not capable of guaranteeing editorial independence and institutional autonomy of public service broadcasters, whether as a result of the tenor of substantive provisions or of the weakness or absence of mechanisms designed to ensure their application.

Reportedly, in some cases, while relevant provisions may be adequate, they are disregarded in practice, leaving public service broadcasting organisation under the effective control of the government or political bodies or formations, serving the interests of those bodies rather than society at large.

On occasion, the provisions relating to governing or supervisory bodies (as, for example, regarding the selection, appointment and termination of appointment of members) entail a risk of interference. In this connection, complaints have been voiced to the effect that proposed or actual changes to the regulatory framework in a few member states curtail the independence of public service broadcasters' governing and/or supervisory bodies.

Public service remit

7.  Resolution No. 1 on the future of public service broadcasting, adopted at the 4th European Ministerial Conference on Mass Media Policy (Prague, December 1994), summarises the main missions of public service broadcasters. In this context, it should be recalled that Recommendation Rec(2003)9 on measures to promote the democratic and social contribution of digital broadcasting states that 'public service broadcasting should preserve its special social remit, including a basic general service that offers news, educational, cultural and entertainment programmes aimed at different categories of the public'.

Further, the above-mentioned Resolution No. 1 includes an undertaking 'to define clearly, in accordance with appropriate arrangements in domestic law and practice and in respect for their international obligations, the role, missions and responsibilities of public service broadcasters and to ensure their editorial independence against political and economic interference'.

In the media context, a genuine public service presupposes the independence of the organisations entrusted with the delivery of that service. It also involves the ability, in terms of legal provisions and material possibilities, to adapt to changing circumstances. This close link between public service remit and independence is the guiding principle behind Recommendation No. R(96)10.

8.  In practically all Council of Europe member states, the relevant legal frameworks address the question of public service remit.

While there is great diversity in the approach followed (for example, as to the degree of detail provided, reflecting each country's broadcasting strategy and policies, as well as the cultural, economic or political context, mostly by defining it in a clear and comprehensive manner), the determination of the remit of public service broadcasting organisations can on the whole be regarded as satisfactory. In some cases, the public service broadcasting organisations' purpose is particularly well defined, both in terms of immediate aims and the manner in which those aims should be achieved, as well as envisaged future developments (for example, in view of the new information and communication technologies (ITCs)).

9.  By contrast, in some member states, the remit of public service media is unclear or difficult to apply. This has not paved the way to offering quality services of public interest (for example, balanced/impartial news programmes; education and learning; investigative journalism; ensuring pluralism and diversity in the media; minority and local/community programmes; offering quality entertainment; and promoting creativity) which have traditionally distinguished public service broadcasting organisations from commercial ones.

There has been criticism that, in certain countries, the distinction between public service and commercial broadcasting has become increasingly blurred, leading to what is called 'programme convergence', to the detriment of the quality of the programmes offered by the former. While it is important for public service broadcasters to offer entertainment programmes and to seek to reach wide audiences, the distinctiveness of public service content as a whole, vis-à-vis commercial output, must also be ensured. Moreover, on occasion, the public service broadcasters are not provided with the legal means or the material resources necessary for the adequate implementation of the public service entrusted to them. This situation can result in poor quality programmes or lead to over-reliance on mass-appeal and revenue-generating programmes, which is not in keeping with the public service remit.

10.  It would appear that, in those countries where the situations described in the foregoing paragraph prevail, either there is little knowledge both among professionals and within society at large of the particular mission of public service broadcasters and understanding of the characteristics of public media, or proper performance of the public service mission is prevented by extraneous circumstances. In some of those countries, there would also seem to be a lack of experience as regards public service broadcasting, leading to widespread indifference regarding its role in a democratic society or a lack of confidence that genuine public service in the audiovisual area will be established and safeguarded.

Remedying these shortcomings, restoring or enhancing the legitimacy of public service broadcasting and, more particularly, raising awareness of and promoting the importance of such a service based on Council of Europe standards is essential. The role of public authorities in this respect should not be underestimated.

11.  As already indicated, in some member states, public service broadcasting organisations' legal framework specifically permits them to adapt in light of developments (for example, new communication technologies). In several member states, while this is not specifically foreseen in the legal framework, nothing prevents them from offering the public service entrusted to them using new formats or platforms. Progress in this area is to be welcomed. In other cases, however, existing provisions do not allow or are interpreted as an obstacle for such development.

Editorial independence

12.  Article 10, paragraph 1, of the European Convention on Human Rights stipulates that 'everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority ...'. In its case law, the European Court of Human Rights has repeatedly underlined the importance of this right with regard to freedom of the media and editorial independence.

13.  The Council of Europe has developed further standards reinforcing freedom of the media and editorial independence.

In its Declaration on freedom of expression and information, adopted on 29 April 1982, the Committee of Ministers underlined the objective to ensure the absence of any arbitrary controls or constraints on participants in the information process, on media content or on the transmission and dissemination of information. Further, at the 4th European Ministerial Conference on Mass Media Policy, Council of Europe member states undertook to guarantee the independence of public service broadcasters against political and economic interference. These commitments and objectives have been reiterated in a number of other Council of Europe documents, and are also at the origin of Recommendation No. R(96)10.

More particularly, in Part I, Recommendation No. R (96)10 stipulates that the legal framework governing public service broadcasting organisations should provide for their editorial independence, offers guidance designed to facilitate the guarantee of editorial independence and proscribes interference in the form of censorship or control of their activities.

14.  As already indicated, the legal frameworks in many Council of Europe member states make provision for the editorial independence of public service broadcasting organisations.

In practice, in a majority of member states, public service broadcasters enjoy editorial independence and institutional autonomy. It is generally acknowledged that, in those member states, interference with editorial independence would be met with a strong reaction from the public service broadcasting organisations concerned, as well as by other media, civil society and the public in general. In several member states, legal mechanisms have been set up to deal with such situations should they occur.

15.  However, in other cases, some public service broadcasting organisations reportedly face interference and pressure. Such allegations concern close ties between public service broadcasters and government, politicians or public or private entities, or the undue influence of such bodies or persons on public service broadcasting organisations, which compromise editorial independence. The situation during electoral periods and campaigns is often highlighted; it is alleged that, during such periods, leverage over public broadcasters is used to ensure favourable coverage.

16.  In some Council of Europe member states, the process of transformation of state broadcasting organisations into genuine public service broadcasters has been slow or still is under way and has, on occasion, been more formal than real. In some countries, the influence of governments and politicians on broadcasting regulators or the broadcasting sector in general has been identified as the key impediment to building and ensuring a diverse, impartial and pluralistic broadcasting landscape. The undue influence of private actors has also on occasion been reported.

17.  It might be added that, in some member states, there is a lack of tradition concerning self-regulation or co-regulation, the adoption of and compliance with editorial standards, and a general culture of objectivity and professionalism. Ethical codes and internal guidelines, which can greatly contribute to the independent functioning of public service broadcasters, have not yet been adopted in all member states experiencing the problems outlined above.

Funding

18.  The question of resources available to public service broadcasting organisations is at the crux of the issue of their independence and their ability to fulfil their remit. This explains the undertakings made at the 4th European Ministerial Conference on Mass Media Policy 'to guarantee public service broadcasters secure and appropriate means necessary for the fulfilment of their missions' and 'to maintain and, where necessary, establish an appropriate and secure funding framework which guarantees public service broadcasting organisations the means necessary to accomplish their missions', as well as the attention paid to the matter in Recommendation No. R(96)10.

19.  In some Council of Europe member states, public service broadcasting organisations receive appropriate funding, be it in the form of direct contributions from the state, licence fees, income-generating activities or a combination of these sources.

Whichever approach is adopted, it can be implemented with due respect for the market. It is generally agreed that care should be taken so that funding of public service broadcasters does not affect competition on the audiovisual market to an extent which would be contrary to the common interest. That said, excessive reliance on income-generating activities, which is often caused by a lack of public funding, can have a negative impact on programming and, in consequence, on the fulfilment of the public service remit entrusted to the organisations concerned.

It is often advanced that there is some degree of correlation between the resources available to public service broadcasting organisations and the quality of the services rendered by them. However, the satisfactory delivery of public service and sound management can also be regarded as contributing to attracting adequate resources.

20.  Reportedly, in other Council of Europe member states, there is no appropriate, secure and transparent funding framework guaranteeing public service broadcasting organisations the means necessary to accomplish their remit. On occasion, funding commitments and mechanisms often represent mere statements of intention, without efforts being made to implement them in practice.

Concerns are also frequently expressed as regards the threat to the continuity of the activities of public service broadcasting organisations due to uncertainty of both short- and longer-term funding (for example, as a result of lack of consultation on state contributions, difficulties arising from the fee collection system, failure to adjust contributions of licence fees in view of inflation) or exposure to pressure from authorities with financial decision-making power and the resulting threat to editorial independence and institutional autonomy. In order to avoid such risks, especially in cases where public funding comes from the state budget, appropriate safeguards should be put in place.

Employee protection

21.  The relevance of staff policy matters has also been recognised in Recommendation No. R(96)10, which contains some references to recruitment and non-discrimination, associative activities and the right to engage in industrial action, and the requirement that staff be free from influence from outside the public service broadcasting organisation concerned.

22.  It would appear that these criteria are met in many Council of Europe member states, and that employee protection standards are generally respected.

23.  However, reportedly, in a number of Council of Europe member states, such standards are not yet well-established, particularly where the media are concerned. This situation renders media professionals more exposed to political and economic influence and pressure and less committed to professional standards.

Complaints are sometimes made of discrimination or dismissal of journalists resulting from pressure brought to bear on management by outside persons or bodies, and allegations have been made to the effect that, in certain countries, under cover of the process of transformation of state broadcasting organisations into public service broadcasters, journalists who are thought to be too controversial or inquisitive have been dismissed.

Concern has also been expressed in respect of proposals to give responsibility for the management of staff issues in public service broadcasters or regulatory bodies to the government.

Openness, transparency and accountability

24.  Due to its very nature, public service broadcasting should be accountable to society at large, both because it exists to serve the public in general and because, in most cases, it is financed at least partly from public resources (for example, state contributions) or from broadcasting fees, paid by the intended beneficiaries of the service. According to Resolution No. 1 adopted at the 4th European Ministerial Conference on Mass Media Policy, 'public service broadcasters must be directly accountable to the public. To that end, public service broadcasters should regularly publish information on their activities and develop procedures for allowing viewers and listeners to comment on the way in which they carry out their missions'.

It goes without saying that accountability is also desirable as regards the sound management of the resources available to public service broadcasting organisations.

25.  In most Council of Europe member states, public service broadcasting organisations are relatively open and transparent.

Noteworthy examples of good practice as regards accountability concern some public service broadcasting organisations that engage very actively in seeking audience feedback with a view to assessing their own performance and review, when necessary, the services provided by them.

Many public service broadcasters publish relevant information on a regular basis, some being subject to statutory obligations to publishing yearly reports or submit such reports to parliament. This allows for desirable public scrutiny.

26.  However, in some cases, there is insufficient openness, transparency and accountability vis-à-vis society at large as to how public service broadcasting organisations implement their mission and use the (public) resources available to them. It has also been advanced that there are cases where, despite provisions concerning submission of an annual report to the national parliament, such a report is rarely the subject of scrutiny and real debate.”

III.  DOMESTIC LAW AND PRACTICE

A.  Remedies to challenge domestic law for incompatibility with the Convention

55.  Under section 4 of the Administrative Proceedings Act (Law no. 793-XIV of 10 February 2000), statutes and regulatory administrative decrees, orders and decisions of the President and the Government are not subject to judicial review; they are subject to verification of their constitutionality. A review of constitutionality is undertaken only when the Constitutional Court is seized of the matter (section 4 of the Constitutional Court Act, Law no. 317-XIII, 13 December 1994). There is no direct access in the form of an individual petition to the Constitutional Court. The persons and institutions entitled to refer a case to the Constitutional Court are exhaustively listed in section 25 of the Constitutional Court Act and Article 38 of the Constitutional Jurisdiction Code, which provide as follows:

“The following shall have the right to refer a case to the Constitutional Court:

(a) the President of the Republic of Moldova;

(b) the Government;

(c) the Minister of Justice;

(d) the Supreme Court;

(e) the Economic Tribunal;

(f) the Attorney General;

(g) a member of Parliament;

(h) a parliamentary group;

(i) the Ombudsman;

(j) the People's Assembly of Gagauzia (Gagauz-Yeri) ...

B  Constitutional provisions relevant to audiovisual broadcasting

56.  Freedom of expression is guaranteed by the Constitution, as follows:

Article 32.  Freedom of Opinion and Expression

(1)  All citizens are guaranteed the freedom of opinion as well as the freedom of publicly expressing their thoughts and opinions by way of word, image or any other means possible.

(2)  The exercise of freedom of expression may not harm the honour, dignity or the rights of other people to have and express their own opinions or judgments.

(3)  The law shall forbid and prosecute all actions aimed at denying and slandering the State or the people. Instigations to sedition, war, aggression, ethnic, racial or religious hatred, the incitement to discrimination, territorial separatism, public violence, or other actions threatening constitutional order are also forbidden and liable to be prosecuted.

C.  The Audiovisual Broadcasting Act (1995)

57.  The Audiovisual Broadcasting Act (Law no. 603-XIII of 3 October 1995) set out standards for freedom of expression in audiovisual broadcasting, as follows:

Article 2

(3)  The audiovisual institutions shall not be subjected to censorship.

Article 3

Freedom of audiovisual expression implies strict observance of the Constitution and it cannot be exercised to the detriment of another person's dignity, honour, private life or image.

Article 6

(1)  The State shall guarantee all the necessary conditions for the activity of the public audiovisual institutions.

(2)  The State shall guarantee the endowment of the public audiovisual institutions with the necessary technical equipment for their broadcasting.

Article 29

A journalist from an audiovisual institution, who acts on its behalf, shall have the right:

...

(h)  to access to the courts at all levels.

58.  The Act also set up the Audiovisual Coordinating Council (“ACC”):

Article 31

(1)  The Audiovisual Coordinating Council shall be composed of nine members, appointed by:

(a)  the Parliament – three members (including one audiovisual specialist);

(b)  the President of the Republic of Moldova – three members (including one audiovisual specialist);

(c)  the Government - three members (including one specialist in telecommunications). ...

D.  The creation of TRM as a State broadcaster

59.  TRM was created on 11 March 1994 by Presidential Decree no. 63, which provided:

Article 1

The National Radio and Television is liquidated.

Article 2

The State Company 'Teleradio-Moldova' is created.

Article 4

The administration of the State Company 'Teleradio-Moldova' will be exercised by the President of the Company while the coordination of its activity will be carried out by the Coordinating Council.

60.  TRM's Statute was amended by the Governmental Decision No. 502 of 12 September 1996 on the Statute of the State Company “Teleradio-Moldova. This read:

Article 2

The Company is a public audiovisual institution. The creative and editorial activity of the Company shall be protected by law from interference by the public authorities and pressure from political parties.

Article 3

'Teleradio-Moldova' shall have the status of a State Company.

Article 4

The founder of the Company is the Government, in the name of the State of the Republic of MoldovaThe activity of the Company shall be conducted by the State through the Audiovisual Coordinating Council.

Article 10

The Company shall have the following objectives:

To provide truthful and objective information about the socio-political, economic and cultural life of the country and the external relations of the State;

To promote the interests of all strata of society, to propagate the values of peace and humanism, democratic values and respect for human rights;

To create, accumulate, preserve and promote cultural and artistic values.

Article 20

The creative and editorial activity of the Company shall be independent. Television and radio programmeshall be protected by law from interference by the public authorities and influence and pressure from any political party.

Article 22

The Company shall be obliged:

To present in an objective and impartial manner the realities of national and international socio-political life; to ensure the people's right to information; to promote the authentic values of the national culture, of the culture of the national minorities and of universal culture;

To ensure freedom of expression, freedom of thought and freedom of circulation of information;

To ensure respect for the rights of journalists in accordance with the national legislation and with international practice; to ensure the presence of persons with different political and confessional views within its broadcasts;

To give priority to and broadcast free of charge the press releases of the Parliament, Government and President of Moldova ...

Article 23

The research and creation sub-units of the Company shall ensure a journalist's right to an opinion and to his or her own position. The Company cannot oblige a journalist to promote any ideas which are in contradiction with his or her moral values.

Article 24

The programmes broadcast by the Company must not propagate war, aggression, ethnic, racial, class or religious hatred, violent anti-State actions, terrorism, public disobedience, territorial separatism or any ideas and opinions contrary to moral standards.

Article 30

The President of the Company, the General Director of Television and the General Director of Radio shall be appointed by Parliament, on the proposal of the Audiovisual Coordinating Council or on its own initiative. The term of office shall be five years. The Vice-President of the Company shall be appointed by the Audiovisual Coordinating Council, on the proposal of the President of the Company for a period of five years.

Article 31

The President of the Company shall:

Run the Company; ...

Employ and dismiss the employees of the Company;

Supervise the activity of the Company's Board of Directors; ...

Article 33

The Board of Directors is a collegial and consultative administrative body of the Company. It shall be composed of thirteen members, who shall act in accordance with the Regulations of the Board of Directors.

Article 34

The President of the Company shall automatically be a member of the Board of Directors. The other members shall be the representatives of the Government and of the Audiovisual Coordinating Council.

E.  The transformation of TRM into a public company

1.  Council of Europe recommendations and reports concerning the proposal to transform TRM into a public service broadcaster

61.  On 24 April 2002 the Parliamentary Assembly adopted Resolution 1280(2002) on “The functioning of democratic institutions in Moldova, which statedinter alia:

1.  The Parliamentary Assembly expresses grave concern about the events which have been occurring in Moldova since January 2002 and its anxiety about the continuous worsening and radicalisation of the political climate there, which is a threat to the country's stability.

2.  Demonstrations organised by the Christian Democratic People's Party (CDPP) have been going on now in the town centre of Chisinau for more than three-and-a-half months. ...

7.  The Assembly notes that the scale of the protest movement by journalists and staff of Teleradio Moldova underlines the need to carry out reforms quickly, so as to fully guarantee freedom of expression and promote a public broadcasting service. It urges the authorities to end the practice of censorship of television programmes and to afford all opposition political parties, both inside and outside parliament, generous access to discussion programmes. It asks the Moldovan Government and Parliament to embark without delay on work to transform Teleradio Moldova into an independent public corporation. ...

10.  The Assembly expects the Moldovan political forces to pursue genuine, constructive dialogue and to agree on a compromise which should include the following elements: ...

iv.  the revision of radio/television legislation and amendment of the status of Teleradio-Moldova to make it an independent public corporation; an immediate start of work by the relevant parliamentary committee; the possible resumption of consideration of the draft legislation examined by the previous legislature; ... [completion of work] by the end of the current parliamentary Session, on 31 July 2002;

11.  The Assembly calls upon the Moldovan Government and Parliament to take the above measures without delay. ...

14.  The Assembly calls upon the Moldovan authorities to co-operate fully with the Council of Europe and its bodies, and in particular: ...

ii.  to submit for Council of Europe expert appraisal the future bills for the reform broadcasting and transform the state company Teleradio Moldova into an independent public service corporation; ...

62.  On the same day the Parliamentary Assembly adopted a recommendation, No. 1554(2002) on “The functioning of the democratic institutions in Moldovacontaining inter alia the following request:

“5.  The Assembly also asks the Committee of Ministers to step up co-operation with the Moldovan authorities concerning:

i.  speedy expert appraisal of coming bills to reform broadcasting and transform the State Company Teleradio Moldova into an independent public service corporation; ...

63.  Following correspondence between the Moldovan authorities and the Secretary General of the Council of Europe, an expert, Karol Jakubowicz, Head of Strategic Planning and Development at Polish Television, carried out a written analysis of the Government's draft law on public service broadcasting in MoldovaIn his first report, of 22 July 2002, (ATCM (2002) 19), Mr Jakubowicz commented, inter alia:

“[The Government's draft] ... provides for many forms of direct political interference into [the broadcasting organisation's] activities:

  Obligation in Article 4(2) and Article 6(1) to disseminate 'communications d'intérêt public, reçues des autorités publiques' and to provide air time, on request, to public authorities and organs of public administration, for the transmission of such announcements, without any limits concerning the content, nature and reasons for their transmission.

  Appointment of members of 'Council of Observers' directly by Parliament, the President and government - Art. 13(2).

  Possibility of their dismissal at any time by the body which appointed them, in case of 'a violation of the Loi de l'Audiovisuel', i.e. practically under any pretext – Art. 13(5).

  The requirement that the rules of procedure of the Council of Observers must be approved by Parliament - Art. 13(7).

  Appointment of Director General directly by Parliament, which can also dismiss him/her on a motion from the Council of Observers – Art. 19.

  The right of a special parliamentary committee to demand written explanation of any action by the public broadcaster which in the Parliament's opinion violates the law, and then to require, together with CCA, that such violations be redressed.

These proposed provisions can hardly be accepted as being in line with Recommendation No. R (96)10 of the CoE Committee of Ministers on the Guarantee of the Independence of Public Service Broadcasting or with Article 10 of the European Convention on Human Rights. The provision of Article 10 that freedom of speech should be exercised 'without interference by a public authority' refers in particular to interferences imposed by the State or a public authority or official. Moreover, the European Court of Human Rights has recognised that in certain circumstances the Convention may impose a positive obligation on a state to prevent, regulate or limit interferences by a private person or body with freedom of expression. Genuine, effective exercise of the freedom of expression and information does not depend merely on the State's duty not to interfere, but may also require positive measures to help to stimulate or to protect and defend the freedom of expression. It is expected that the member states of the European Convention are under the obligation to take the necessary measures to protect and to promote the freedom of expression exercised by mass media and journalists. The provisions listed above cannot be reconciled with these obligations, because they concentrate on creating positive reasons for political authorities to intervene into the operation of the public service broadcaster in ways which create a real possibility of limiting its freedom.

64.  Mr Jakubowicz's second analysis, dated 18 December 2002 (ATCM (2002) 30), was concerned primarily with the proposals for the composition of TRM's governing body, the “Observer's Council”. He referred to the guideline set out in the Appendix to the Committee of Ministers' Recommendation No. R (96) 10 (see paragraph 51 above), that the rules governing the status and membership of supervisory bodies of public service broadcasting organisations should be drafted so as to avoid placing the bodies at risk of political or other interference and observed that there were two possible models for the composition and manner of appointment of members of bodies like the Supervisory Council:

“•  Under the first, identified institutions and groups in the civil society are authorized to delegate a representative of their own choice to the Broadcasting Council, for a fixed period (e.g. four years). Examples of such institutions and groups are churches, universities, theatres, authors, journalists, musicians, farmers, women, young people, sports federations, environmentalists, employers, trade unions, etc.

  Under the second, a fixed number of members (e.g. nine or twelve) is appointed by Parliament or by several public institutions (e.g. one-third by Parliament, one-third by the government, one-third by the President). Since the members of the Broadcasting Council are to represent the interests of the civil society, great pains must be taken to ensure that they do not in reality represent the political views and interests of those who appointed them ...

In the socio-political conditions of a country in transition, the second model contains a potential contradiction: can individuals appointed by Parliament, or by Parliament, the government and the President, really represent civil society, or the interests of society in general? In conditions of extreme politicisation of public life, can political appointees really be relied upon NOT to represent the political views and interests of those who appointed them?

Because the risk that they will do precisely that is very high, preference should, we believe, be given to the first model.

Of course, despite all the legal precautions, no-one can control who individual members of the Council will want to listen to and whose views they will want to follow. For this reason, it is important that the composition of the Council be as pluralistic as possible, so that potential influences which the Council members may be under will be as diversified as possible. ...

2.  Law No. 1320-XV TRM and its amendment

65.  On 26 July 2002with a view to transforming TRM into a public service broadcasting organisation, Parliament adopted Law No. 1320-XV TRM on the Public National Broadcasting Company Teleradio-Moldova. The Law, which did not take into account the Council of Europe's expert's recommendations (see paragraphs 63-64 above), provided as follows:

Article 1

The national public audiovisual institution – the 'Teleradio-Moldova' Company - is hereby created. It shall be an institution with legal personality and with functional autonomy and editorial independence which shall ensure the right to the freedom to impart truthful and objective information throughout the territory of the Republic of Moldova ...

Article 5

(2)  The Company must ensure a large diversity of broadcasts covering the interests of different social, national, religious and political categories.

(3)  The Company must ensure respect for the principle of objectivity and impartiality within its news and documentary broadcasts.

Article 13

(1)  The Company'Observers' Council is an autonomous body which shall be responsible for ensuring observance of the right of the people and of society to receive truthful, complete and objective information. It shall be charged with monitoring the Company's observance of law and of its statute.

(2)  The Observers' Council shall be composed of 15 members who are well-known persons from the cultural, scientific, educational, media and other spheres. Their term of office shall be five years and they shall be appointed by:

(a)  Parliament – two members (one from the opposition) ...;

(b)  The President of the Republic of Moldova – two members;

(c)  The Government – two members;

(d)  The High Council of the Judiciary – one member;

(e)  The creative staff of the Company – one member;

(f)  The national minorities' organisations – two members;

(g)  The Confederation of the Trade Unions of Moldova – one member;

(h)  The Confederation of the Free Trade Unions 'Solidarity' – one member;

(i)  The Creative Unions (the Union of Writers, the Union of Plastic Artists, the Union of Cinema Workers, the Union of Composers, the Union of Theatre Workers) – one member;

(j)  The media organisations (the Union of Journalists, the Association of the Free Press, the Association of the Electronic Press, the Committee for the Freedom of Press, the Independent Journalism Centre, the Mass-media Association) – one member;

(k)  The Association of Veterans – one member.

Article 14

The Observers' Council shall:

Appoint the President of the Company, the Vice-President, the Executive Director of Television and the Executive Director of Radio;

Confirm the composition of the Board of Directors;

Article 20

Supervising the Company's activity

(1)  Supervision of the Company's activity shall be exercised by the Observers' Council.

(2)  If the Observers' Council is not discharging its supervisory functions properly, Parliament may, by way of a Special Parliamentary Commission, demand from any organ of the Company written information about the actions or omissions which in Parliament's view breach the present law. The Special Parliamentary Commission shall be composed of representatives of all the parliamentary factions, which shall be represented proportionally to the representation of their parties in Parliament.

...

(4)  Parliament, together with the Audiovisual Coordinating Council, may order the Company to take adequate measures to eliminate the breaches of law found.

(5)  The Company shall have the right to challenge in the courts, in accordance with the legislation in force, the legality of the orders received ...

...

(7)  Any measure taken under the present Article shall not infringe the Company's freedom of information and the right to freedom of expression.”

66.  On 18 September 2002 the Committee of Ministers adopted a Reply to the Parliamentary Assembly'Recommendation 1554 (see paragraph 61 above) in which it stated, inter alia, that the status of TRM remained a subject of concern. Although Law No. 1320-XV represented progress, it provided for many forms of direct political interference with TRM's activities, as Mr Jakubowicz had pointed out in his analysisThe Committee of Ministers stressed that the provisions were not in line with the standards of the Council of Europe and risked being in contradiction with Article 10 of the Convention.

67.  On 26 September 2002 the Parliamentary Assembly adopted a further resolution on the functioning of democratic institutions in Moldova, no. 1303 (2002), in which it invited the Moldovan authorities to “revise, during the autumn of 2002, the law on the national public broadcasting company Teleradio-Moldova, by genuinely involving civil society, associations representing the media and the political opposition in discussion, and by taking on board the recommendations made by the Council of Europe's experts. In particular, it requested that revision of the provisions on the composition, appointment and powers of the observers' council be the subject of the widest possible consultation ...

68.  The Government subsequently decided that Law No. 1320-XV had not been sufficient to complete the transformation of TRM and an amending bill was drafted, which, in addition to a number of minor amendments, contained a proposal to liquidate the existing TRM and establish a new organisation under the same name.

69.  Mr Jakubowicz published an analysis of the draft amending law on 24 October 2003 (ATCM(2003)025) in which he made the following observations:

... The law now in force contains only basic provisions concerning the status of the company as a public service broadcaster and describing its institutional arrangements. Therefore, it was clear that it would have to be amended and extended to create a full and appropriate legal framework for public service broadcasting in Moldova - in line with Resolution No. 1 'The Future of Public Service Broadcasting' adopted by the 4th European Ministerial Conference on Mass Media Policy (Prague, 7-8 December 1994); Recommendation No. R(96)10 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on the Guarantee of the Independence of Public Service Broadcasting, and Recommendation Rec(2003)9 of the Committee of Ministers to Member States on Measures to Promote the Democratic and Social Contribution of Digital Broadcasting.

The question, therefore, arises as to whether this proposed amendment meets that goal.

CONCLUSION

Apart from the proposal to liquidate the existing Teleradio-Moldova and to establish a new organisation under the same name in its place, the amendments concern relatively minor matters. ...

Accordingly, these amendments cannot be seen as completing the effort fully to regulate Teleradio-Moldova, safeguard its proper operation, independence, autonomy and financing, and create legal certainty for the company. They change little of real substance in the way Teleradio-Moldova operates as a public service broadcaster. ...

Under the amendments, the plan is to (i) liquidate the State Company Teleradio-Moldova; (ii) to dismiss its entire personnel; and (iii) to deprive it of all the assets (which assets would then be transferred to the new National Broadcasting Company Teleradio-Moldova is to be the subject of a separate government decision and there is no deadline by which this decision is to be taken). It is not clear whether this means that Teleradio-Moldova should suspend its operations and stop broadcasting in the interim period or not. This is certainly suggested by the provision that its entire staff is to be dismissed, but perhaps there is a plan to continue broadcasting nonetheless.

The execution of this plan would be very disruptive for Teleradio-Moldova and its audiences. At the same time, it is not clear what substantive purpose this would serve. As we will argue below, there is nothing in the draft amendments which makes this indispensable from a legal point of view. Moreover, it appears that the liquidation will not be complete, since there is no provision for the appointment of a new Supervisory Council or Management Board, nor of a new President. If the governing bodies of the organisation remain, there is no real liquidation, only mass dismissal of the staff under the guise of liquidation. ...

70.  The amending law was nonetheless adopted by Parliament on 17 October 2003. TRM was registered with the State Registration Chamber as a Public Company on 26 July 2004 and started to broadcast under its new statute on 8 August 2004.

71.  On 4 October 2005 the Parliamentary Assembly adopted Resolution 1465 (2005) on the functioning of the democratic institutions in Moldova, in which it made the following observations, among others:

“6.  ... However, genuine involvement of civil society requires a pluralist and dynamic media sector, particularly with regard to television. The conditions must also be created for a genuinely independent and professional public broadcasting service.

...

14.  The Assembly further urges the Moldovan authorities, with regard to the protection of human rights, to ...

14.1.1.  revise legislation regarding public service broadcasting (both national and local) and the Audio-visual sector in general;

14.1.2.  pursue the transformation of Teleradio Moldova into a genuine public service broadcaster, as defined in Assembly Recommendation 1641 (2004) on public service broadcasting; ...

F.  Reports concerning alleged undue political influence at TRM

1.  Observers from inter-governmental organisations

72.  In January 2004 the Special Representative of the Secretary General of the Council of Europe in Moldova made the following report on the media in Moldova:

“The Constitution of the Republic of Moldova guarantees freedom of expression and freedom of the press. Yet the situation in the media in Moldova is one of the fields of major concern for a number of embassies in Chisinau as well as NGOs. During the last two years pressure of the authorities over the independent mass media means increased, in parallel with support of state publications.

The situation in the electronic media is very important having in mind that in rural areas, where approximately half of the population of the Republic of Moldova lives, access to information is very limited. Newsstands are practically non-existent, and written press gets there with delays up to a week. The radio is the main source of information.

The opposition is not adequately represented on the air. Dismissals of journalists are becoming more frequent.

  One of the spectacular examples of censorship in National TV was the banning of the transmission of the popular live talk-show Buna Seara 28 November last year to which the leaders of parliamentary factions Stepaniuc, Braghis and Rosca, SRSG and the Press Officer of the OSCE Mission had been invited. Three hours before the beginning of the program SRSG was officially informed by RTM Chairman Efremov that it was not going on air because the majority leader had decided not to attend.

  There is a common agreement between the political forces that the TV channel Moldova 1 has to transmit the first 30 minutes of the meetings of the Permanent round table without editing. This obligation was not honoured during the December meeting of the table and the explanation was that the appearance in the Opposition hour three days later is enough for the week. The report that went on the news the same day delicately avoided most statements containing criticism towards the authorities.

  'The Hour of the Opposition' itself, which looks like monologue of the opposition, does not seem to be contributing much to the dialogue with the majority. What we need is real debate. ...

73.  The Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE)'Representative on Freedom of the Media made his second visit to Chisinau from 18 to 21 October 2004, at the invitation of the Government. The purpose of the trip was to assess the current state of media freedom in the country and to provide the authorities with recommendations. The Representative met with government officials, parliamentarians, journalists, and representatives of non-governmental organisations. On 16 December 2004 he published his “Observations and recommendations”, which stated inter alia:

Positive developments – pluralism ...

There are a number of estimable developments in the situation of the Moldovan media.

Overall, media pluralism is highly developed in Moldova, both in terms of quantity of media outlets and of different views that are represented (albeit diversity on both counts is more present in the print press than in the broadcast media). Politicians of all ranks are regularly criticised in the media; independent TV and radio stations are very outspoken in their comments on the authorities. There is also an open debate regarding the development of the media itself; this debate was described by the Foreign Minister as 'transparent.' ...

Moldova was also one of the first countries in the region to transform its state broadcaster into a public service one.

Nevertheless, most interlocutors agreed that there were several outstanding media problems that needed to be dealt with in the foreseeable future. Some of the shortcomings, as parliamentarian opposition leader Braghis put it 'were the result of a growing democracy.' In his view the OSCE needed to get more involved in media matters. The Foreign Minister also stated that 'Moldova has some shortcomings in the media field, but these are not intentional. Other European states also have shortcomings. We do not want to take a wrong way and that is why we are grateful for any recommendations coming from the OSCE, and other international organisations.'

The purpose of this report is to offer such recommendations based on observations made during the visit.

The General State of Broadcasting

There can be no true pluralism when there are no competing domestic nationwide channels. In this situation, a transparent tender is needed for another nationwide frequency.

Currently, there are only three nation-wide broadcasters in Moldova, and only one of them – the public company Teleradio Moldova (TRM) – is a Moldovan channel in terms of content. The other two channels re-broadcast programming from neighbouring countries: Romania and the Russian Federation.

It seems to be clear that a fourth nationwide frequency exists; however the issuing of this frequency was stopped by the licensing authority in 2002. The tender for the third nationwide channel – the one re-broadcasting a Russian network – was announced on 15 October 2004; however, a tender for the fourth has not been re-announced. For additional information on problems of transparency in licensing, see the chapter on the Audio-Visual Council.

The Situation around TRM

Too much Government, too few other voices

TRM, although legally transformed from state broadcaster into an autonomous public service institution, in reality continues to tilt towards the Government. Most of the political programming is reported to be news on and by the ruling party. In this situation, when TRM is the only domestic nationwide broadcaster, balanced coverage of political events is even more important. TRM still has to live up to its commitments as a public service broadcaster.

No content monitoring is conducted by TRM itself despite the fact that it is prescribed by the new Law on the National Public Broadcasting Company Teleradio Moldova. The explanation given by TRM management was a lack of resources to produce the needed tapes. But in fact it was the Supervisory Board (SB) which at least should have tried to enforce such monitoring. The SB, explaining their lack of concern for monitoring, said that in the initial period when TRM has only started its public way of functioning, it would have been misleading to produce any monitoring.

As a result, only the NGO community did such monitoring. Their findings were heavily disputed by the TRM management, the SB, and ruling party officials. It is true that the NGO monitoring was done on a quantitative basis. The 'stopwatch' method is unquestionably crude, and cannot reveal the nuances of programming. Still, this method is good enough, and the results were overwhelming enough to show that the news coverage at TRM since the transformation was disproportionately about the Government and by the Government.

Labour Dispute

Both TRM management and CADUP that represents journalists who were not hired as part of the transformation process from state to public broadcaster should agree on a compromise through negotiations.

The OSCE Representative and his staff had several meetings with TRM management and with representatives of former TRM journalists who were not re-hired after TRM was officially transformed from a state to a public broadcaster. Alexander Ivanko observed the work of the Conciliation Committee of Teleradio Moldova that was established to deal with this labour dispute.

Background

In February 2002 strikes and protests against alleged censorship at TRM supported by more than 300 TRM employees started a debate in Moldova on the need to transform TRM into a public broadcaster. The required legal framework was established under Council of Europe guidance.

The Law on the National Public Broadcasting Company Teleradio Moldova was adopted by parliament on 26 July 2002. The Law was revised on 13 March 2003 after it was criticised by the Council of Europe. On 13 November 2003 the law was changed again; this time with the aim of liquidating the previous state broadcaster. This meant that the newly established public company would not be under any obligation to hire all of the staff from the state broadcaster. According to several sources, there was fear among TRM staff that the selection process would make redundant those employees who had been most active during the February 2002 protests and who had campaigned for the transformation of TRM into an independent public broadcaster.

A selection commission formed by three members proposed by the Administrative Board, three members proposed by the Supervisory Board and one member elected by the staff of TRM was established on 30 April 2004. The commission selected new staff by 7 August 2004.

907 persons were offered contracts, 890 signed them. 140 positions are still vacant. The selection commission therefore has not concluded its work. Approximately 190 staff members have been laid off.

After the selection results for the news departments had been announced on 27 July, discontent among TRM employees about the way the process was conducted turned into public protests. On 27 July a group of TRM employees founded the Committee for Protection of Human and Professional Dignity and occupied the room in which the selection commission held its meetings. In response, TRM management suspended the contracts of 19 employees and on 30 July the police removed the protestors from the building.

These demonstrations, at one point involved thousands of people, started in protest against the results of the selection process. The main demand was therefore to rerun the process. This demand was later modified to 'returning to the situation before the selection procedure started.' The modified demand could be theoretically satisfied without a re-run by offering contracts to all the 190 laid ofstaff.

All interlocutors agreed that the situation around TRM was the most pressing media issue in the country. All seemed to agree that the only way to proceed was through a negotiating process. As Foreign Minister Stratan put it: 'We want the transformation of TRM to be done in a democratic way.' Nevertheless, several questions should be raised.

The whole selection process seems to be marred by lack of understanding of the demands of such a process. Although it is clear that some of the staff would probably have to be made redundant, the selection criteria were not clearly defined, and the selection itself was not transparent. Charges of political bias can not be refuted given the lack of transparency in the selection process.

The attitude of the TRM management, at least initially, was not constructive and led to massive protests and to a stalemate that is still not resolved.

On the other hand, CADUP, formed originally to defend the rights of the laid off staff, started adding political demands to their original labour ones.

In this situation, the OSCE Representative, together with the Head of the OSCE Mission in Moldova and the Special representative of the Secretary General of the Council of Europe suggested to the above-mentioned Conciliation Committee that a new selection commission should be created according to the following formula:

- Two members of the selection commission to be appointed by the administration of Teleradio Moldova;

- Two members of the commission to be appointed by CADUP;

- Three members of the commission to be appointed by consensus by the Conciliation Commission. Alternatively, one of these three members could be a foreign expert, seconded by the OSCE or the Council of Europe.

At time of writing, this issue is still pending. The Conciliation Commission at TRM held only two meetings in November. On both sessions the commission discussed the joint proposal on a new selection commission, put forward on 21 October by the Office of the Representative, the OSCE Mission and the Council of Europe. The Commission failed to come to a decision concerning this joint proposal. Referring to a lack of progress in the work of the Commission and having accused TRM management of 'simulating a dialogue' the representatives of the protesting journalists withdrew from the Conciliation Commission on 25 November.

TRM Supervisory Board [referred to elsewhere in this judgment as 'The Observers' Council': see paragraph 65 above]

The current TRM Supervisory Board (SB), although in theory its majority is formed by civil society, does not represent the whole spectrum of views prevalent in society, and in fact allows for political one-sidedness. The current law should be changed to allow for a different composition of the SB.

Several opposition parliamentarians, journalists and NGOs complained about the current set-up of the SB which includes two representatives from Parliament (one from the opposition), two from Government, two appointed by the President, and nine from different organisations. However, the President, the Government and Parliament are controlled by one party, and so are the majority of civil organisations represented on the board.

The leader of the Communist Party faction Victor Stepaniuc acknowledged that not all civil society was represented on the board, but only 'the main civic organisations' which leaves open the question of who and, more importantly, how defines an organisation as being 'main.' In the highly politicised climate in Moldova a highly politicised SB is seen as undermining the credibility of the public broadcaster. One of the proposals coming from opposition leader Braghis would provide for a 12 member SB, six people from the ruling party, six from the opposition, and the board working strictly on a consensus basis.

Although this idea may sound appealing it might also lead to a stalemate where the board would not be able to agree on anything leaving TRM management without any supervisory control.

The OSCE and the Council of Europe should be encouraged to come up with a proposal on the structure of the SB that would have the approval of all political sides in Moldova. Several proposals, especially the one prepared by the Association of Electronic Media (APEL), should be carefully analysed.

The Audio-visual Co-ordination Council

Tenders for frequency allocations are offered at very short notice, and do not provide enough time for potential applicants to prepare all the necessary documents. The composition of the Council does not guarantee its objectivity. Also, there is a lack of transparency in the decision-making process regarding the allocation of frequencies.

Complaints about political bias in frequency allocation could not be substantiated. But when looking into these complaints, the Representative established that the process allows for subjectivity when evaluating and voting on tenders for frequency allocation.

Broadcasting licenses are allocated by the Council. In a system that can only be described as 'two-headed', the actual frequencies to be used by the licensee are provided to the Council by the Ministry of Communications. As one senior official said: 'We do not know when these frequencies become available.'

The Council, which consists of nine people, is appointed respectively by the Government, the President, and the Parliament. In a situation like today's, when the majority in all the executive and legislative branches are controlled by one party, this system leads to total political control of the Council. Several interlocutors complained that they did not have any trust in the Council's objectivity when issuing licenses for channels.

It should also be noted that the tender for the very important fourth nationwide channel was not re-issued after years when there was absolutely no movement on this matter. On the other hand, the tender for the third nationwide network, the license of which was running out, had been issued on 45 days notice, and was only announced in three newspapers in a small print advertisement.

To ensure the independence of the Council, the election procedure should not be politically oriented, and should focus on employing as members of the Council individuals who are reputable experts in the broadcasting field.

The method of frequency allocation has to be changed. Only one agency should be in charge of both establishing and allocating the frequencies. This would correct the current 'two-headed' system when the Council is at the mercy of the Ministry, not knowing when (and why) a frequency might be offered for tender. ...

Recommendations

...

· There can be no true pluralism when there are no competing domestic nation-wide channels. In this situation, a transparent tender is needed for another nation-wide frequency.

· TRM, although legally has been transformed from state broadcaster into an autonomous public service institution, in reality continues to tilt towards the Government. Most of the political programming is reported to be news on and by the ruling party. In this situation, when TRM is the only domestic nationwide broadcaster, balanced coverage of political events is even more important. TRM still has to live up to its commitments as a public service broadcaster.

· Both TRM management and CADUP that represents journalists who were not hired as part of the transformation process from state to public broadcaster should agree on a compromise through negotiations.

· A new TRM selection commission should be created.

· The current TRM Supervisory Board (SB), although in theory its majority is formed by civil society, does not represent the whole spectrum of views prevalent in society, and in fact allows for political one-sidedness. The current law should be changed to allow for a different composition of the SB.

· Tenders for frequency allocations are offered at very short notice, and do not provide enough time for potential applicants to prepare all the necessary documents. The composition of the Council does not guarantee its objectivity. Also, there is a lack of transparency in the decision process regarding the allocation of frequencies. ...

74.  At around the same time the OSCE and Council of Europe jointly published the following “Benchmarks for the Operation of Public Broadcasters in the Republic of Moldova”:

1.  Public Television and Radio should

  give a complete, accurate, impartial, balanced and objective overview over political, economic, social and cultural developments in the Republic of Moldova;

  provide a comprehensive picture over the real situation in the country;

  encourage viewers to form their own individual opinion in a free manner;

  reflect cultural and regional diversity;

  respect gender equity;

  serve all groups of society, including those neglected by commercial broadcasters, such as ethnic minorities and others;

  respect the dignity of the human being and promote the values commonly shared by the Council of Europe and the OSCE, especially with respect to democracy, pluralism, tolerance and respect for human rights and freedoms.

2.  Factual programs shall be impartial, this means they shall be fair, accurate and shall maintain a proper respect for truth. A program may choose to explore any subject at any point on the spectrum of debate, as long as there are good editorial reasons for doing so. It may choose to test or report one side of a particular argument. However, it must do so with fairness and integrity. It should ensure that opposing views are not misrepresented.

3.  News reports have to be rigorously sourced and verified. Information should be broadcast as a fact only if it is verified by two independent sources. Acceptable exceptions to the double-source requirement are fact directly confirmed by a reporter of the public broadcaster or significant news drawn from official announcements of a nation or an organization. When a secondary source offers exclusive significant news which cannot be verified by using a second source, the information should be attributed to the originating agency by name.

4.  News should be presented with due accuracy and impartiality. Reporting should be dispassionate, wide-ranging and well-informed. It should present a comprehensive description of events, reporting an issue in a reliable and unbiased way. The main differing views should be given due weight in the period of which the controversy is active.

5.  In case a number of programs are clearly interlinked and form de facto a series on reports of related issues, impartiality can be achieved over the entire series. Editorial programs, for example, should give over one month approximate equal time to representatives of the government and the parliamentary majority on the one hand and the opposition on the other hand on related issues. In case a number of programs are broadcast under the same title, but deal with separate issues, impartiality has to be reached within every individual program.

6.  Due impartiality is of special importance in major matters of controversy. It should be especially insured that a full range of significant views and perspectives are heard during the period in which the controversy is active.

7.  The public broadcaster should provide live coverage of all or parts of parliamentary debates in which issues of extraordinary importance are discussed. Coverage of debates in parliament has to be balanced. Therefore live coverage of such debates should not be interrupted before or during the intervention of opposition speakers and should not be ended before the leading opposition speakers have replied to the speeches of government officials or representatives of the majority faction.

8.  News should include regular reports on debates in parliament. Reports on parliamentary debates should give equal air time to the arguments of the government and the majority faction on the one hand and the opposition on the other hand.

9.  Reports on activities of the president and the government should include or should be followed by statements and comments by representatives of the opposition and representatives of institutions or organizations directly affected by these activities.

10.  Whenever a program voices strong criticism or charges directed against an individual or an organization, with iniquity or incompetence or when charges or accusations made by third persons are reported in the program, those criticized should be given a fair opportunity to respond. As a rule, the response or balancing information should be included in the first use of a news item or feature containing the material. If the response or balancing information cannot be obtained by program deadline, or the subject of the charge declines to comment, that will be made clear in the public broadcaster's account and the response or balancing information will be broadcast as soon as it is available. In particular, when a government official or member of the parliamentary majority directly criticizes an individual or an organization, the reaction of the individual or organization criticized should be included in the report or should follow immediately. The time provided for reply should as a rule equal the time of the critic.

11.  In case the President, the Speaker of Parliament or the Prime Minister give an interview longer than three minutes or a speech on public TV or Radio the leaders of the opposition parliamentary factions should be given within 24 hours the possibility to comment on the remarks made on public TV or radio respectively.

12.  Representatives of non-governmental organizations should be given access to public TV and Radio to voice their opinion on developments or government actions connected to their field of activity.

13.  Live talk shows on political, social, economic and cultural issues should form a regular part of the programs of public TV and Radio. Invited participants should always reflect a balanced selection of representatives from government, parliament, political parties, civil society, business community, churches or international organizations, depending on the nature of the topic. The refusal of an organization or an individual to take part in a program should not be allowed to act as a veto. The reasons for the absence of an organization or an individual should be explained and as far as possible a fair representation of the views of the missing contributor based on what is already known should be provided.

14.  During election campaigns the public media should provide adequate opportunity, on an equitable and non-discriminatory basis, for election contestants to inform the public about their candidacies and political programs. It should provide active media coverage of the preparation and conduct of the elections and should provide voters with unbiased information and education.

15.  Serious factual error should be admitted, clearly, frankly and without delay.

16.  Facts should not only be got right, but also language should be fair. Exaggerations should be avoided and language should not be used inadvertently so as to suggest value judgments, commitment or lack of objectivity.

17.  The use of unattributed pejorative terms or labels to describe persons or organizations should be avoided at all times. Only when the individuals and groups use those labels to describe themselves or their activities an exception might be made.

18.  Commentary should always respect the truth and should never be used to give the audience a dishonest impression of events.

19.  In news and other factual programs events should neither be fabricated, distorted or dramatized.

20.  Surreptitious recording should only be used as an investigative tool to explore matters which raise issues of serious anti-social or criminal behavior where there is reasonable prior evidence of such a behavior. No 'fishing expeditions' should be undertaken. Surreptitious recording might be done also for purely entertainment purposes, but in this case the material shall be used only when the consent of the individual recorded has been obtained afterwards. As a method of social research surreptitious recording might be used only if there is no other method that could reasonably capture the behavior under scrutiny and only if the identities of the individual concerned are disguised by voice-over or blurring. Material obtained by other sources should be used only if consistent with the guidelines mentioned above.

21.  When portraying social groups, stereotypes should be avoided. Where prejudice and disadvantage exists they have to be reported and reflected, but nothing should be done to perpetuate them. Non-sexist language shall be used whenever possible.

22.  The state audiovisual archives should be regarded as repositories of the nation's audiovisual heritage to be used by public service broadcasters for the general benefit.

23.  The government and public bodies should never abuse their custody over public finances to try to influence the content of broadcasts; the placement of public advertising should be based on market considerations.

24.  Editorial independence should be guaranteed. Neither political nor commercial considerations should unduly influence the content of a broadcast program. On the editorial independence, a common code of conduct should be reached between the staff and the board of directors on basic journalistic principles. This common code of conduct shall at least contain the following principles:

  standing up for human rights;

  standing up for the fundamental democratic rights, the parliamentary system

and international understanding, as laid down in the United Nations Charter;

  fighting any nationalist or racial discrimination.

25.  The selection of staff for the public broadcaster should be based on a transparent, non-discriminatory process without regard to gender, age or ethnic or social origin. The selection should based on the merit principle, which entails the employment of the most qualified person for any given job and which provides for non-selected applicants the right to appeal against this decision and to ask for a review against the specifications for the position.”

75.  On 12 May 2004 the European Commission published a “European Neighbourhood Policy Country Report” on Moldova (SEC (2004) 567), which made a number of findings regarding, inter alia, democracy and human rights in the country. The report noted the concern of OSCE observers monitoring the 2003 local elections “about the clear bias in favour of the incumbent authorities on the State Television Channel”. The report continued:

Moldova has an active and independent media. However, recent legislation and drafts (the 2003 amendments to the Law on Access to Information and a recent draft law on the restructuring of the public broadcaster) have raised concern notably on the independence of journalists. In March 2004, the OSCE and the Council of Europe jointly issued a recommendation on how the public broadcaster should be structured.

A number of recent developments have underlined these concerns: ... problems with registration for two local radios, a statement by the chairman of Teleradio Moldova about the reported imposition by the Board of guarantors of the programme 'the hour of the government' and his subsequent dismissal, and high fines imposed on local newspapers and opposition leaders for slander. These developments have been highlighted as issues of concern by OSCE and CoE. ...

2.  Non-governmental organisations

76.  The Independent Journalism Center (IJC) is a non-governmental organization based in Chisinau with a mission to support professional journalism in Moldova and to contribute to the consolidation of an independent and impartial press. It was established in 1994 as an Open World House Project and became independent in 1998. It is funded by, inter alia, the Soros Foundation.

77.  The IJC monitored TRM programming between June 2004 and October 2005. According to its monitoring report for August 2004, no representative from the Christian Democratic People's Party, which was at the time one of the two parliamentary opposition parties, appeared on TRM television programmes with a political subject during that month and another parliamentary opposition party, “Moldova Democrată”, appeared only once for 95 seconds. In contrast, the ruling Communist Party appeared seven times for a total duration of 889 seconds. Similar patterns were reported in September, October and November 2004. In its report published in December 2004, the IJC found that, on television, the Government and their representatives were mentioned on average 32 times a day while the opposition was referred to on average twice a day. On TRM's radio programmes, the Government was mentioned on average 109 times a day and the opposition 0.7 times a day.

78.  In a report entitled “State to Public: Genuine Public Service Broadcasting in BelarusMoldova and Ukraine?” (December 2005), Article 19, an international non-governmental organisation based in London which works on issues connected with freedom of expression, found as follows (footnotes omitted):

“3.1.  Overview

Moldova was the first country of the CIS to embark on a process towards the establishment of PSB [public service broadcasting]. It is also currently the only one of the three countries to have transformed its State broadcasting company, TeleRadio-Moldova (TRM), into a PSBO [public service broadcasting organisation]. Yet while PSB exists in theory, in practice the new broadcasting company remains only nominally independent from government control, and output continues to be heavily biased in favour of the existing regime. Overall, it fails to provide viewers and listeners with accurate and objective information and a plurality of views and opinions. The consolidation of a genuine PSB structure will depend on the ability and will of the authorities to fully implement the newly-adopted provisions, as well as on the success of civil society's campaigning efforts.

In March 2003, the Moldovan Parliament adopted the Law on Amending and Supplementing Law No.1320-XV on the National National Public Broadcasting Company TeleRadio-Moldova (First Amending Law), which modified a previous law passed in July 2002 (PSB Law) following recommendations from the Council of Europe. A later controversial amendment to the Law, adopted in November 2003, provided for the liquidation of TRM, enabling its reincarnation as PSB, as well as the replacement of its entire staff (Second Amending Law).

For a prolonged period of time it remained unclear how the re-staffing would be carried out, and generally journalists and human rights organisations were not provided with essential information as to the mechanisms that would be employed to implement these measures. In addition, the initial debates which led to the adoption of the First Amending Law in its first reading were held in an atmosphere of virtual secrecy. At this stage the company's staff was utterly unaware of the fact that a law on TRM was being debated in Parliament.

Similarly, the process by which the Second Amending Law was adopted did not provide for sufficient opportunity for public consultation, despite the significant public importance of a law of this nature. The draft was submitted to Parliament by seven MPs on 13 October 2003, and adopted in its first reading almost immediately; it then passed its second reading exactly a month later. Some local NGOs and international organisations, such as the Council of Europe, acted very rapidly in providing recommendations on the draft. Other groups simply did not have the time to participate in this process.

Despite the changes, TRM is still under the influence of the authorities. In addition, the quality of programmes has been quite low since the transformation. There is a need for additional funding, to train the employees and raise the standards of professional journalism.

Another worrying fact is that there has been a progressive decrease in the diversity of media outlets. 'Analitic Media Grup', the media organisation that founded Pervii Kanal v Moldova, which until recently re-broadcast the Russian First Channel - as well as having some programmes of its own, including Moldovan news - , was deprived of its licence in October 2005. The licence was, instead, given to a newly-established, unknown television station, which allegedly has close links to President Vladimir Voronin. The decision to deprive ORT Moldova of its licence was reached very speedily; there was even a special edition of the Official Monitor announcing it, to avoid a wait of approximately three days for the decision to come into effect. This development is even more worrying as the old Moldova ORT displayed virtually no criticism of the authorities, and frequently its portrayal of the authorities was positive. Moldova ORT was one of the main television channels in Moldova, together with TRM and private NIT. With TRM and NIT heavily pro-governmental, the new development is likely to dramatically reduce the (already limited) diversity of the Moldovan broadcast scene.

The breakaway region of Transdniestria in eastern Moldova still does not have PSB and its State television is under the authorities' control.

3.2.  The Legislation

According to Article 1 of the PSB Law, TRM is 'functionally autonomous and editorially independent' and ensures 'in the spirit of plurality of opinions, the exercise of the right to timely, truthful and full communication of information'. Article 2 lists the organisation's objective, which includes: ensuring the free access of society to information; reflecting objectively and fully all aspects of the social-political, economic and cultural life of the country; and realising the right of the individual to free expression.

The PSB Law also provides for the establishment of an Observers' Council (the Council) to monitor the implementation of the provisions of the law and its by-laws. According to the law, the Council is composed of 15 members chosen from “known personalities in the areas of culture, science, education, mass media and from other representatives of civil society, appointed for a term of 5 years'; two Council members are appointed by the President, two by the government and two by the Parliament, with the rest appointed by the Superior Magistrates' Council, the staff of TRM, trade unions, media development organisations and representatives of cultural and minority groups (Article 13).

The Parliament, through a special parliamentary commission (constituted on the basis of proportional representation of the political parties) has the right to investigate the company's activities when the Council fails to exercise in an appropriate manner its supervisory function.

While de jure the Council is independent of government control, concerns remains as to how independent it is in practice, given that a proportion of its members are chosen directly by the President and the authorities. Dependency certainly appeared to be the case when Artur Efremov, a young businessman with little media experience but close to the ruling Communist Party, was appointed as Chairman of TRM by the Council in early 2004.

There has also been criticism that despite the nominal inclusion of 'representatives of civil society' in the makeup of the Council, civil society groups are not adequately involved in supervising the activities of TRM. The members representing trade unions and army veterans reportedly follow the governmental line, whilst those who are independent and wish to serve the public are a minority within the Council.

3.3.  Bias on TRM

As a PSBO, TRM has an obligation to provide accurate and objective news and current affairs coverage, as well as a pluralistic range of voices and opinions. This is enshrined in Article 5(7) of the PSB Law, which states that “[t]he news programs ... shall have an impartial, independent and truthful character. Commentary shall be separated from news.”

However, the monitoring of TRM's output by various civil society organisations has revealed that, in practice, this is not the case. The gap between theory and practice appears to be due to interference of the State in the activities of TRM. Government officials have reportedly been giving instructions over the telephone to TRM's director. Allegedly the situation deteriorated in early 2001, when the Communist party won a parliamentary majority. Journalists complained vociferously about the TRM's lack of independence through mass demonstrations, involving about 500 TRM employees, in 2002. In Manole & others v. Moldova, Larisa Manole and other high-profile journalists submitted to the European Court of Human Rights a case against Moldova alleging violation of their right to free expression through cases of wide-spread censorship on the State broadcaster in 2001 and 2002. Moreover, in October 2003, a member of TRM's Observers' Council stated that a great deal of pressure was regularly placed on the Board's members by the authorities.

News reporting remains inadequate and is overtly biased in favour of the ruling Communist Party. In addition, the President appears often in the news, more than the government. The opposition is very seldom portrayed, and often in a negative manner. There is very little time dedicated to social issues. The news is often superficial: while there are frequent discussions on Transdniestria, there are is hardly any information on issues that may portray the government in a negative light. Civil society figures also have limited access to TRM and stories often lack multiple, diverse sources. In addition, life in Moldova is reflected selectively through the viewpoint of those in power.

The situation worsens during elections campaigns. In the period leading up to local elections held on 25 May 2003, monitoring of television station Moldova 1 and Radio Moldova, which are both part of TRM, revealed that coverage was neither fair nor balanced: not only was coverage on Moldova 1 and Radio Moldova biased in favour of the Communist party, but it also attacked the non-Communist candidate standing for the post of mayor of Chisinau.

A similar pattern was observed during the campaign period for parliamentary elections held on 6 March 2005, and further local elections held in July 2005. During this period, opposition parties such as the Democratic Moldova Bloc and the Peasants' Christian Democrat Party criticised news coverage on TRM for being overtly biased in favour of the ruling Communist Party, and media monitoring revealed that news coverage of events within Moldova was overwhelmingly positive; most reports relating to the campaign focused on the achievements of ruling party officials, and were positive or neutral, while reports relating to opposition parties were on the whole negative; and opposition candidates received far less coverage than candidates of the ruling Communist Party. The time allocated for debates was insufficient. The questions by some of the moderators seemed to guide the discussions in a certain direction.

The Electronic Press Association (APEL), in monitoring carried out between January and May 2005, noted that news reports were overwhelmingly 'rosy' and non-conflictual, presenting a uniquely positive image of events within Moldova, and with little coverage of more contentious social issues such as unemployment and poverty. Events in the capital Chisinau also received excessive coverage, while events in the rest of the country remained underreported.

APEL stated that 'professional and moral' standards within the organisation are routinely ignored, with journalists failing to verify information provided by government sources, limiting the role that TRM can play in contributing to informed debate and critical thought.

These findings were dismissed by Sergiu Batog, director of Radio Moldova, who accused their authors of incompetence, and suggested that they desired to profit from a negative portrayal of TeleRadio. Batog also maintained that the limited coverage of opposition parties was due to the fact that they 'do not take part in any events, and they generally do nothing to be observed.'

3.4.  The Transformation

Since its re-establishment as a PSBO, TRM has been dealing with disputes between journalists and management, as a result of the Second Amending Law of 13 November 2003. Article 2 of this law states that 'the government shall liquidate the State company TRM' (paragraph 1) and that the 'employees of the State company TRM shall be discharged' (paragraph 3). Hence, the law aims at liquidating the 'old' TRM and establishing a 'new' institution, including through the replacement of staff.

At the time of its enactment, the law was criticised by the opposition Braghis Alliance and Christian Popular Democratic Party, as well as by civil society groups, who have accused the government of introducing the law in order to dismiss 'uncomfortable' journalists and replace them with loyal ones. The amendments also gave rise to complaints from company employees, trade union committees and public organisations, which considered the action to liquidate the organisation unlawful.

Upon the announcement of the results of the re-staffing process, made on 27 July 2004, public protests were launched by TRM journalists. Violent clashes with the police occurred on two separate occasions, on 1 and 6 August. The Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe (PACE) linked the violence of police against protesters with the death of protester Vasile Cibotaru.

On 27 July, 90 employees were also prevented from entering the premises of TRM. The person responsible for the evening news was suspended. He later stated that there had been an order not to broadcast the day's events by the chairman of TRM. A wildlife documentary featuring elephants was reportedly broadcast in lieu of the 7 o'clock news.

Journalists' protests continued outside the National Radio building and the Moldovan Parliament from September through mid-December. The protests were led by the Committee for the Protection of Professional and Human Dignity (CADUP), an organisation set up to represent TRM journalists, and culminated with the submission of a case against Moldova to the European Court of Human RightsFusu & others v. Moldova.

Corina Fusu and other TRM journalists maintained the authorities prevented them from entering the TRM premises to preclude their exercise of their right to free expression.

The TRM employees requested an investigation of police violence towards the protesters in early August by the Prosecutor's Office, but were informed that the protests that started on 27 July were contrary to national legislation and that the actions of the police were therefore legal. Instead, those who protested as of 27 July in front of the National Radio building were sued by the police for 'active participation in meetings organised without authorisation', under article 174(1)(4) of the Code of Administrative Contraventions.

3.5.  Minority programmes

Article 2 of the PSB Law states that the objectives of TRM include 'to reflect the interests of all social strata and to propagate democratic values' The law provides that a percentage of programmes should be in minority languages, although no further details on the languages in question are provided.

TRM broadcasts programmes in Russian, Gagauz, Bulgarian, Ukrainian, Polish, Hebrew, Yiddish and Romani language. The division of broadcasting by language is approximately 30 percent Russian, 65 percent Romanian and 5 percent other languages. Linguistic diversity does not appear to be an issue in Moldova, given the influence of Russian language and culture, which means that Moldova was never insular. Minority programmes are prepared by a special department, where a number of minority representatives are also employed. Many Romanian-speakers, however, believe that they effectively experience discrimination, as the majority of programmes of the Moldovan broadcast media as a whole are in the (non-official) Russian language.

3.6.  Funding

The public broadcaster is primarily financed through State funds, with some revenues from advertising, although TRM has less advertising than some private channels. In the process towards the adoption of the PSB Law in 2002, the possibility of including provisions on fees was discussed. Such provisions were incorporated in the draft law compiled by civil society. However, the President criticised the NGOs' draft exactly for its inclusion of fees, on the grounds that Moldovans could not afford to pay them. Many other politicians followed suit. In general, given Moldova's dire economic situation, there is little desire to pay PSB fees, and little understanding of the important role the introduction of fees would have in enhancing TRM's independence.

Since the establishment of PSB, the Observers' Council has prepared two annual budgets, which were sent to Parliament for approval. TRM does not have to provide details of their estimated expenditure for the upcoming year, but only the total.”

THE LAW

I.  ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 10 OF THE CONVENTION

79.  The applicants alleged that, while they were working as journalists at TRM, they were subjected to a censorship regime imposed by the State authorities through TRM's senior management, contrary to Article 10 of the Convention. Article 10 provides:

“1.  Everyone has the right to freedom of expression. This right shall include freedom to hold opinions and to receive and impart information and ideas without interference by public authority and regardless of frontiers. This Article shall not prevent States from requiring the licensing of broadcasting, television or cinema enterprises.

2.  The exercise of these freedoms, since it carries with it duties and responsibilities, may be subject to such formalities, conditions, restrictions or penalties as are prescribed by law and are necessary in a democratic society, in the interests of national security, territorial integrity or public safety, for the prevention of disorder or crime, for the protection of health or morals, for the protection of the reputation or rights of others, for preventing the disclosure of information received in confidence, or for maintaining the authority and impartiality of the judiciary.”

The Government denied this allegation and objected that in any event the applicants had not exhausted domestic remedies.

A.  The temporal scope of the case

80.  For the purposes of the present judgment, the Court has considered the period commencing February 2001, when the applicants alleged that the problem of political control over editorial policy at TRM became acute (see paragraph 18 above), and ending with the date of the Court's admissibility decision, 26 September 2006.

B.  The Government's preliminary objection

1.  The parties' submissions

81.  The Government objected that the applicants had not exhausted the remedies available to them under national law, as required by Article 35 § 1 of the Convention. In particular, they submitted that the applicants could have complained to the national courts about the alleged breach of their right to freedom of expression, relying on the provisions of Article 20 of the Constitution (see paragraph 56 above)Articles 2 § 3, 3, 6 of the Audiovisual Broadcasting Act (see paragraph 57 above) and the provisions of Law No. 1320 (see paragraph 65 above). While the Government were unable to point to any similar cases previously examined by the domestic courts, this was because the Republic of Moldova had not had enough time to develop any case-law in this field. However, if such an application had been lodged, it would certainly have been examined on the merits. In the Government's submission it had also been open to the applicants to complain to TRM'Observers' Council, which, according to Article 20 of Law no. 1320-XV (see paragraph 65 above), was competent to supervise TRM's compliance with its internal regulations and with legislation in general. In the alternative, the applicants could have complained to the ACC.

82.  The applicants alleged that there was an administrative practice of censorship and political control at TRM and that this relieved them of the obligation to exhaust domestic remedies. In the alternative, they contended that there were no effective remedies at national level. It would not have been possible to bring their complaints before the domestic courts. Although theoretically a national judge could decide in relation to a single alleged instance of censorship, there was no judicial remedy under domestic law capable of addressing TRM's lack of structural independence from the Government or capable of preventing future instances of censorship. The ACC consisted of nine members, three of whom were appointed by the Parliament, three by the Government and three by the President of Moldova, which did not make it an independent body. It had examined the issue of censorship at TRM in its report of 29 April 2004 (see paragraph 41 above). While the applicants submitted to it all the alleged specific acts of censorship complained about in their application to the Court, none of those allegations was examined in the report which limited itself to making a general conclusion that there was no censorship at TRM. Finally, the Observers' Council was an organ of the newly established Public Company, which began its activity only in August 2004 and had thus not been available to consider the applicants' complaints when the events which gave rise to their application occurred.

2.  The Court's assessment

83.  The Court recalls that the principle that an applicant must first make use of the remedies provided by the national legal system before applying to the international Court is an important aspect of the machinery of protection established by the Convention (see Akdivar and Others v. Turkey16 September 1996, § 651996IV). The Court is intended to be subsidiary to the national systems safeguarding human rights and it is appropriate that the national courts should initially have the opportunity to determine questions of the compatibility of domestic law with the Convention and that, if an application is nonetheless subsequently brought to Strasbourg, the European Court should have the benefit of the views of the national courts, as being in direct and continuous contact with the forces of their countries (see Burden v. the United Kingdom [GC]no. 13378/05, § 42, 29 April 2008.

84.  Under Article 35 § 1 of the Convention normal recourse should be had by an applicant to remedies which are available and sufficient to afford redress in respect of the breaches alleged. The existence of the remedies in question must be sufficiently certain not only in theory but in practice, failing which they will lack the requisite accessibility and effectiveness (Akdivar and Others, cited above, § 66). The burden of proof is on the Government to satisfy the Court that the remedy was an effective one, available in theory and in practice at the relevant time, that is to say, that it was accessible, was one which was capable of providing redress in respect of the applicant's complaints and offered reasonable prospects of success. Once this burden of proof is satisfied, it falls to the applicant to show that the remedy advanced by the Government was in fact exhausted, or was for some reason inadequate and ineffective in the particular circumstances of the case, or that there existed special circumstances absolving him or her from the requirement (Akdivar and Others, cited above, § 68).

85.  The exhaustion rule is, however, inapplicable where an administrative practice, namely a repetition of acts incompatible with the Convention and official tolerance by the State authorities, has been shown to exist and is of such a nature as to make proceedings futile or ineffective (see Ireland v. the United Kingdom18 January 1978, § 159, Series A no. 25; Akdivar and Otherscited above, §§ 66-67Denmark v. Turkey (dec), no. 34382/97, 8 June 1999Cyprus v. Turkey [GC], no. 25781/94, § 99, ECHR 2001-IV). In Caraher v. the United Kingdom (dec), no. 24520/94, ECHR 2000-I, the Court summarised the case-law regarding the notion of an “administrative practice” as follows:

In the First Greek case (Yearbook 11 p.770), the Commission identified two elements necessary to the existence of an administrative practice: a repetition of acts and official tolerance. Repetition of acts was stated as referring to a substantial number of acts which were linked or connected in some way by the circumstances surrounding them (eg. time and place, or the attitude of persons involved) and which were not simply a number of isolated acts. The Court has stated that a practice incompatible with the Convention consists of an accumulation of identical or analogous breaches which are sufficiently numerous and inter-connected to amount not merely to isolated incidents or exceptions but to a pattern or system (Ireland v. the United Kingdom judgment of 18 January 1978, Series A no. 25, p. 64, § 159). By official tolerance is meant that, though acts are plainly unlawful, they are tolerated in the sense that the superiors of those responsible, though aware of the acts, take no action to punish them or prevent their repetition; or that a higher authority, in the face of numerous allegations, manifests indifference by refusing any inadequate investigation of their truth or falsity; or that in judicial proceedings a fair hearing of such complaints is denied (mutatis mutandisapplication Nos. 9940-9944/82, France, Norway, Denmark, Sweden and the Netherlands v. Turkey, dec. 6.12.83, DR 35 p. 143 at p. 163, § 19). However, it may be noted that a practice may be found even where no official tolerance is established at the higher official levels and even where some acts have been prosecuted, since the higher authorities are under a responsibility to take effective steps to bring to an end the repetition of acts (see eg. Ireland v. the United Kingdom judgment, op. cit., § 159).

86.  The Court recalls that in its admissibility decision of 26 September 2006 it found that there was a close connection between the Government's preliminary objection and the merits of the applicants' complaints under Article 10 and it accordingly joined the Government's objection to the merits of the case.

87.  The Court will therefore examine the substance of the applicants' complaints and then consider whether, in all the circumstances, the Government's preliminary objection is well founded.

C.  The merits

1.  The parties' submissions

(a)  The Government

88.  The Government emphasised that TRM was the most-watched television channel in the country and that the evening news was the most popular programme (see paragraph 8 above). This demonstrated that the population of Moldova believed TRM to be an independent, impartial and objective television channel.

89.  The Government denied that there was censorship at TRM. They refuted the allegation that there was a “blacklist” of individuals or topics which could not be represented and asserted that opposition politicians had access to the public through TRM, as demonstrated by a number of programmes listed in the TV Guides (see paragraph 26 above).

90.  The Government relied on the findings of the ACC in its report of 29 April 2002 (see paragraph 41 above). As found by the ACC, the applicants had misconstrued the notion of freedom of expression. They understood it as giving them a carte blanche to say whatever they wished in the feature reports, in disregard of legal or moral norms and in breach of their responsibility, as journalists working for the sole national broadcaster at the time, to provide an objective and impartial service, free of political bias.

91.  The Government asserted that the Strike Committee's protests were not supported by TRM's Trade Union or a number of staff members. The sanctions taken against Dinu Rusnac and Larisa Manole had been fully justified, following breaches by them of the internal regulations, such as modifying the news bulletin without prior authorisation. A number of the applicants, namely Mircea Surdu, Ludmila Vasilache, Leonid Melnic and Diana Donică, continued to be employed at TRM.

(b)  The applicants

92.  The applicants considered that national law did not provide sufficient safeguards against censorship or undue political influence. Thus, neither the national legislation nor TRM'internal regulations defined the concept of “editorial policy”. They claimed that the State had not discharged its positive obligations under Article 10 because it had failed to enact legislation which would offer safeguards against abusive interferences by public authorities and which would clearly indicate the scope and the limits of the discretion enjoyed by those authorities. Moreover, the Parliament, by refusing to modify Law No. 1320-XV in the way recommended by the Council of Europe, had maintained the State's control over the Public Company, which was precisely the cause of censorship. By these actions and omissions the State had also infringed the right of the population to be informed. The Parliamentary Assembly and the international experts' reports supported the view that national law was unsatisfactory in that it gave overall control of TRM to the Government and did not provide adequate safeguards of independence.

93.  The applicants argued that the polls relied on by the Government, according to which TRM was the most-watched television channel in Moldova, was not indicative of the quality of its programmes but of the lack of alternative sources of information. They relied on the monitoring reports of the IJC (see paragraph 77 above) and the observations of a number of international commentators (see paragraphs 72-75 above) in support of their assertions that programming at TRM was biased in favour of the ruling party. The examples given by the Government of programmes in which opposition politicians had taken part were exceptions to the general rule. Even the ACC had accepted in its report of 29 April 2002 that certain subjects or expressions, such as “Bessarabia, Romanian, Romanian language, Romanian history, or totalitarian regime” were prohibited except in a historical context.

94.  Before 2002, there were no internal regulations with regard to the manner of the employment and the dismissal of the Programme Director, the heads of departments or producers. TRM's President could have dismissed them at any time. Furthermore, there were no regulations for setting up the artistic and technical council which assessed the quality of the audiovisual production. The new recruitment procedure organised in 2004 was found by Council of Europe experts to be lacking in transparency and clarity as to the modalities of employment or re-employment of staff members. The domestic courts had provided no remedy to the applicants who had lost their jobs.

2.  The Court's assessment

(a)  General principles regarding pluralism in audiovisual media

95.  In determining whether Article 10 has been complied with in the preset case, the Court must have regard to the following principles. It takes as its starting point the fundamental truism: there can be no democracy without pluralism. One of the principal characteristics of democracy is the possibility it offers of resolving a country's problems through dialogue, without recourse to violence, even when they are irksome. Democracy thrives on freedom of expression. It is of the essence of democracy to allow diverse political programmes to be proposed and debated, even those that call into question the way a State is currently organised, provided that they do not harm democracy itself (see Socialist Party and Others v. Turkey, 1998, §§ 41, 45 and 47, Reports of Judgments and Decisions1998-III).

96.  Freedom of expression, as secured in Article 10 § 1, thus constitutes one of the essential foundations of a democratic society and one of the basic conditions for its progress (Lingens v. Austria, 8 July 1986, § 41, Series A no. 103). Freedom of the press and other news media afford the public one of the best means of discovering and forming an opinion of the ideas and attitudes of political leaders. It is incumbent on the press to impart information and ideas on political issues and on other subjects of public interest. Not only does the press have the task of imparting such information and ideas: the public also has a right to receive them (see, for example, Handyside v. the United Kingdom, § 49, 7 December 1976, Series A no. 24; Lingens, cited above, §§ 41-42).

97.  The audiovisual media, such as radio and television, have a particularly important role in this respect. Because of their power to convey messages through sound and images, such media have a more immediate and powerful effect than print (Jersild v. Denmark, 23 September 1994, § 31, Series A no. 298Pedersen and Baadsgaard v. Denmark [GC], no. 49017/99, § 79, ECHR 2004XI). The function of television and radio as familiar sources of entertainment in the intimacy of the listener or viewer's home further reinforces their impact (cf. Murphy v. Ireland, no. 44179/98, § 74, ECHR 2003IX (extracts)). Moreover, particularly in remote regions, television and radio may be more easily accessible than other media.

98.  A situation whereby a powerful economic or political group in a society is permitted to obtain a position of dominance over the audiovisual media and thereby exercise pressure on broadcasters and eventually curtail their editorial freedom undermines the fundamental role of freedom of expression in a democratic society as enshrined in Article 10 of the Convention, in particular where it serves to impart information and ideas of general interest, which the public is moreover entitled to receive (see VGT Verein gegen Tierfabriken v. Switzerlandno. 24699/94, §§ 73 and 75, ECHR 2001VIsee also De Geillustreerde v. the Netherlands, no. 5178/71, Commission decision of 6 July 1976, § 86, Decisions and Reports (DR) 8, p. 13). This is true also where the position of dominance is held by a State or public broadcaster. Thus, the Court has held that, because of its restrictive nature, a licensing regime which allows the public broadcaster a monopoly over the available frequencies cannot be justified unless it can be demonstrated that there is a pressing need for it (Informationsverein Lentia and Others v. Austria, 24 November 1993, § 39, Series A no. 276).

99. Genuine, effective exercise of freedom of expression does not depend merely on the State's duty not to interfere, but may require it to take positive measures of protection, through its law or practice (see, for example, Özgür Gündem v. Turkey, no. 23144/93, §§ 42-46, ECHR 2000-III; Fuentes Bobo v. Spain, no. 39293/98, § 38, 29 February 2000Appleby and Others v. the United Kingdom, no. 44306/98, §§ 39-40, ECHR 2003-VI). Given the importance of what is at stake under Article 10, the State must be the ultimate guarantor of pluralism (see Informationsverein Lentia and Others, cited above, § 38VGT Verein gegen Tierfabriken, cited above, §§ 44-47).

100.  The Court considers that, in the field of audiovisual broadcasting, the above principles place a duty on the State to ensure, first, that the public has access through television and radio to impartial and accurate information and a range of opinion and comment, reflecting inter alia the diversity of political outlook within the country and, secondly, that journalists and other professionals working in the audiovisual media are not prevented from imparting this information and comment. The choice of the means by which to achieve these aims must vary according to local conditions and, therefore, falls within the State's margin of appreciation. Thus, for example, while the Court, and previously the Commission, have recognised that a public service broadcasting system is capable of contributing to the quality and balance of programmes (Informationsverein Lentia and Others, cited above, § 33; Tele 1 Privatfernsehgesellschaft mbH v. Austria, no. 32240/96, 21 September 2000; X. SA v. the Netherlands, no. 21472/93, Commission decision of 11 January 1994, DR 76-A, p. 129), there is no obligation under Article 10 to put in place such a service, provided that some other means are used to the same end.

101.  Where a State does decide to create a public broadcasting system, it follows from the principles outlined above that domestic law and practice must guarantee that the system provides a pluralistic service. Particularly where private stations are still too weak to offer a genuine alternative and the public or State organisation is therefore the sole or the dominant broadcaster within a country or region, it is indispensable for the proper functioning of democracy that it transmits impartialindependent and balanced news, information and comment and in addition provides a forum for public discussion in which as broad a spectrum as possible of views and opinions can be expressed.

102.  In this connection, the standards relating to public service broadcasting which have been agreed by the Contracting States through the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe (see paragraphs 51-54 above) provide guidance as to the approach which should be taken to interpreting Article 10 in this field. The Court notes that in “Resolution No. 1 on The Future of Public Service Broadcasting” (1994), the participating States undertook “to guarantee the independence of public service broadcasters against political and economic interference”. Furthermore, in the Appendix to Recommendation no. R(96)10 on “The Guarantee of the Independence of Public Service Broadcasting” (1996), the Committee of Ministers adopted a number of detailed guidelines aimed at ensuring the independence of public service broadcasters. These included the recommendation that “the legal framework governing public service broadcasting organisations should clearly stipulate their editorial independence and institutional autonomy”, with reference in particular to a number of key areas of activity, including the editing and presentation of news and current affairs programmes and the recruitment, employment and management of staff. The Guidelines also emphasised that the rules governing the status and appointment of the members of the boards of management and the supervisory bodies of public service broadcasters should be defined in a way which avoids any risk of political or other interference. They provided in addition that:

“The legal framework governing public service broadcasting organisations should clearly stipulate that they shall ensure that news programmes fairly present facts and events and encourage the free formation of opinions.

The cases in which public service broadcasting organisations may be compelled to broadcast official messages, declarations or communications, or to report on the acts or decisions of public authorities, or to grant airtime to such authorities, should be confined to exceptional circumstances expressly laid down in laws or regulations. ...

Finally, in the Appendix to Recommendation Rec(2000)23 on “The Independence and Functions of Regulatory Authorities for the Broadcasting Sector”, the Committee of Ministers again stressed the importance for States to adopt detailed rules covering the membership and functioning of such regulatory authorities so as to protect against political interference and influence.

(b)  Whether there has been an interference with the applicants' right to freedom of expression in the present case

103.  The applicants, who were all, during the relevant period, employed as journalists, editors or producers at TRM, complained of restrictions on their freedom of expression. The Court recalls that, subject to the conditions set out in Article 10 § 2, journalists have a right to impart information. The protection of Article 10 extends to employed journalists and other media employees. An employed journalist can claim to be directly affected by a general rule or policy applied by his employer which restricts journalistic freedom (see Purcell and Others v. Ireland, no. 15404/89, Commission decision of 16 April 1991, DR 70, p. 262). A sanction or other measure taken by an employer against an employed journalist can amount to an interference with freedom of expression (see Fuentes Bobocited above, § 38).

104.  The applicants alleged that they were required by TRM's senior management to comply with a policy of avoiding topics which were considered to be embarrassing or harmful to the Government. The Court finds it significant, in this respect, that the Government have not taken issue with the specific examples cited by the applicants of programmes or parts of programmes which the senior management at TRM allegedly refused to transmit because of their subject-matter (see paragraphs 24-25 above). In addition, it is striking that the ACC's report of 29 April 2002 (see paragraph 41 above), which the Government have accepted, concluded that it was the policy at TRM at that time to prohibit the use of certain words and phrases, in particular words relating to the shared culture and language of Romania and Moldova and human rights violations which occurred during the Soviet era. A list of this nature, containing words and topics which journalists and other individuals appearing on national television were not permitted to mention, would in any circumstances require strong justification to be compatible with freedom of expression, but the Government have not advanced any grounds to explain how the restriction could be compatible with the requirements of Article 10. In the context of the on-going debate in Moldova about national identity and geo-political alignment, moreover, the Court considers that there was a strong public interest in such issues being openly and exhaustively discussed on national television, with air-time being given to all the competing points of view.

105.  The applicants also alleged that they were required to comply with a policy at TRM of devoting a disproportionate amount of air-time to reporting on the acts of members of the ruling political party, with little or no coverage of the acts and views of the opposition parties. In this connection, the Court notes that paragraph 18 of the Appendix to the Committee of Ministers' Recommendation Rec(2000)23 states that it is an essential function of regulatory authorities to monitor broadcasters' compliance with their legal obligations, and Article 13(1) of Law No 1320-XV required the Observers' Council to carry out monitoring in respect of TRM (see paragraphs 53 and 65 above). From the information before the Court it does not, however, appear that any such monitoring has been carried out. In the absence of reliable evidence to the contrary, therefore, the Court considers the data collated by the IJC to be significant (see paragraph 77 above). This showed a consistent pattern in 2004 and 2005 of lack of mention of the political opposition and a high proportion of news stories devoted to the activities of the President and the Government. The IJC figures were supported by the more general observations and comments of the representatives of the Council of Europe, OSCE and Article 19 (see paragraphs 72-78 above).

106.  On the basis of the evidence before it, therefore, the Court concludes that during the relevant period there was a significant bias towards reporting on the activities of the President and Government in TRM's television news and other programming, with insufficient opportunity for representatives of the opposition parties to gain access to television to express their views. In addition, it considers that there is evidence of a policy of restricting discussion or mention of certain topics because they were considered to be politically sensitive or to reflect badly in some way on the Government. The applicants, as journalists, editors and producers at TRM's television station, must have been affected by these policies. It therefore finds that the applicants experienced a continuing interference with their rights to freedom of expression throughout the period in question.

(c)  The State's positive obligation under Article 10 in the present case

107.  As set out above (paragraphs 94-101), a positive obligation arises under Article 10. The State, as the ultimate guarantor of pluralism, must ensure, through its law and practice, that the public has access through television and radio to impartial and accurate information and a range of opinion and comment, reflecting inter alia the diversity of political outlook within the country and that journalists and other professionals working in the audiovisual media are not prevented from imparting this information and comment. Where the State decides to create a public broadcasting system, the domestic law and practice must guarantee that the system provides a pluralistic audiovisual service. In this connection, the standards relating to public service broadcasting which have been agreed by the Contracting States through the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe provide guidance as to the approach which should be taken to interpreting Article 10 in this field.

108.  The Court notes that during most of the period in question TRM was the sole Moldovan broadcasting organisation producing television programmes which could be viewed throughout the country (see paragraph 8 above). Moreover, approximately 60% of the population lived in rural areas, with no or limited access to cable or satellite television or, according to the Secretary General's Special Representative, newspapers (see paragraph 72 above). In these circumstances, it was of vital importance to the functioning of democracy in Moldova that TRM transmitted accurate and balanced news and information and that its programming reflected the full range of political opinion and debate in the country and the State authorities were under a strong positive obligation to put in place the conditions to permit this to occur.

109.  In order to comply with this obligation, it was, as set out in the above-mentioned Guidelines developed by the Committee of Ministers, essential to put in place a legal framework which ensured TRM's independence from political interference and control. The Court notes, in this respect, that Governmental Decision No. 502 (1996), which amended TRM's Statute, provided, in accordance with the Appendix to the Committee of Ministers' Recommendation no. R(96)10, that TRM's “creative and editorial activity ... shall be protected by law from interference by the public authorities and pressure from political parties” (see paragraph 60 above). However, the law did not provide the structure which would have made independence of this kind possible. Article 4 of Decision No. 502 provided that “The activity of the Company shall be conducted by the State through the Audiovisual Coordinating Council”. The ACC was composed of nine members, three appointed by each of the Parliament, the President of Moldova and the Government, with no guarantee against dismissal. TRM's President, Vice-Presidents and Board of Directors were appointed by Parliament on the proposal of the ACC. In these circumstances, during the period from February 2001 onwards, when one political party controlled the Parliament, Presidency and Government, domestic law did not provide any guarantee of political balance in the composition of TRM'senior management and supervisory body, for example by the inclusion of members appointed by the political opposition, nor any safeguard against interference from the ruling political party in these bodies' decision-making and functioning.

110.  Law No. 1320-XV did not sufficiently remedy these problems. In the place of the previous board of management, it created the Observers' Council, responsible inter alia for appointing TRM's senior management and monitoring its programming for accuracy and objectivity. However, as Mr Jakubowicz pointed out in his analyses (see paragraphs 6364, and 69 above), the rules for appointing the members of the Observers' Council did not provide adequate safeguards against political bias. The Court shares this view. In particular, Article 13(2) of Law No. 1320-XV stipulated that only one member of the Observers' Council should be appointed by one of the parliamentary opposition parties; there was no safeguard to prevent all the other 14 members from being appointees loyal to the ruling party.

(d)  Conclusion on compliance with Article 10

111.  In summary, therefore, in the light in particular of the virtual monopoly enjoyed by TRM over audiovisual broadcasting in Moldova, the Court finds that the State authorities failed to comply with their positive obligation. The legislative framework throughout the period in question was flawed, in that it did not provide sufficient safeguards against the control of TRM'senior management, and thus its editorial policy, by the political organ of the GovernmentThese flaws were not remedied when Law No. 1320-XV was adopted and amended.

(e)  Exhaustion of domestic remedies

112.  The Court must next examine the Government's preliminary objection about non-exhaustion and the applicants' allegation that there was an administrative practice of censorship and political control at TRM (see paragraphs 81-82 above). The Court has found that, during the period under consideration, one political party dominated the executive and legislative organs of the State and that the domestic law did not provide adequate safeguards against political interference with and control over TRM's editorial policy (see paragraphs 109-110 above). In these circumstances, there was undoubtedly an increased risk of an administrative practice of the type alleged by the applicants. Moreover, the Court considers that the examples of political bias and restrictions on reporting which it has found above (see paragraphs 104-106) are sufficient to support a conclusion that there was, during the relevant period, a pattern or system of using TRM to promote the policies of the ruling party, amounting to an administrative practice within the meaning of the Court's case-law (see paragraph 84 above)In these circumstances, the applicants were exempted from the usual rule requiring them to exhaust domestic remedies before lodging their application with the Court.

113.  Furthermore, the Court observes that the domestic law did not provide any mechanism which would have permitted the applicants to challenge, in the national courts, legislation or the regulatory administrative acts of the President or Government on the ground of incompatibility with the Convention (see paragraph 55 above). Although the Constitutional Court could review the acts of the President, Government or Parliament for constitutionality, it was not possible for the applicants to petition the Constitutional Court directly. When the applicants brought proceedings to complain about the alleged unlawfulness of the reinstatement procedure, which had led to four of them losing their jobs, the Court of Appeal rejected their claims on the ground, inter alia, that it was not possible to challenge legislative provisions (see paragraph 49 above). In these circumstances, the Court is not satisfied that the applicants had access to an effective domestic remedy in respect of a central part of their complaint.

(f)  Conclusion

114.  It follows that the Court rejects the Government's preliminary objection and finds a violation of Article 10 of the Convention.

III.  APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 46 AND 41 OF THE CONVENTION

115.  Articles 46 and 41 of the Convention provide:

“Article 46

1.  The High Contracting Parties undertake to abide by the final judgment of the Court in any case to which they are parties.

2.  The final judgment of the Court shall be transmitted to the Committee of Ministers, which shall supervise its execution.”

Article 41

If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”

116.  The Court recalls that where it finds a violation, the respondent State has a legal obligation under Article 46 of the Convention not just to pay those concerned any sums awarded by way of just satisfaction under Article 41, but also to select, subject to supervision by the Committee of Ministers, the general and/or, if appropriate, individual measures to be adopted in their domestic legal order to put an end to the violation found by the Court and to redress so far as possible the effects. The respondent State remains free, subject to monitoring by the Committee of Ministers, to choose the means by which it will discharge its legal obligation under Article 46 of the Convention, provided that such means are compatible with the conclusions set out in the Court's judgment (see Scozzari and Giunta v. Italy [GC], nos. 39221/98 and 41963/98§ 249, ECHR 2000-VIII; Brumărescu v. Romania (just satisfaction) [GC], no. 28342/95, § 20, ECHR 2001-I; Kauczor v. Poland, no. 45219/06, § 61, 3 February 2009).

117.  In the present case the Court recalls that it has found a violation of Article 10 arising inter alia out of deficiencies in TRM's legislative framework. It considers that the respondent State is under a legal obligation under Article 46 to take general measures at the earliest opportunity to remedy the situation which gave rise to the violation of Article 10. In the light of the deficiencies found by the Court, these general measures should include legislative reform, to ensure that the legal framework complies with the requirements of Article 10 and takes into account the Committee of Ministers' Recommendation no. R(96)10 (see paragraph 52 above) and the recommendations of Mr Jakubowicz (see paragraphs 63-69 above).

118.  The Court considers that the question of just satisfaction under Article 41 is not yet ready for decision. It is, accordingly, necessary to reserve it and to fix the further procedure, account being taken of the possibility of an agreement between the parties (Rule 75 § 4 of the Rules of Court).

FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY

1.  Dismisses the Government's preliminary objection;

2.  Holds that there has been a violation of Article 10 of the Convention;

3.  Holds that the question of the application of Article 41 is not ready for decision and accordingly,

(a)  reserves the said question in whole;

(b)  invites the Government and the applicants to submit, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, their written observations on the matter and, in particular, to notify the Court of any agreement that they may reach;

(c)  reserves the further procedure and delegates to the President of the Chamber the power to fix the same if need be.

Done in English, and notified in writing on 17 September 2009, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.

Lawrence Early           Nicolas Bratza

Registrar                      President

 

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Član 10 | DIC | Medžlis Islamske Zajednice Brčko i drugi protiv Bosne i Hercegovine
Predmet prosledjen Velikom veću. Odluka doneta 2017. godine
Član 10-2 | DIC | Delfi AS protiv Estonije
Presuda je povezana sa presudom Gž 5984/2017 od 15. 05. 2018. Apelacionog suda u Nišu, kojom se odbija žalba tužioca V.A. iz N., i potvrđuje presuda Osnovnog suda u Nišu 29P 325/15 od 24.08.2017. godine, kojom je odbijen tužbeni zahtev tužioca za isplatu nematerijalne štete za pretrplјeni strah, pretrplјeni duševni bol zbog umanjenja životne aktivnosti i na ime pretrplјenog stresa zbog okolnosti da je protiv njega podneta krivična prijava zbog zbog krivičnog dela primanja mita i krivičnog dela trgovine uticajem, pa je istom pokrenut krivični postupak i rešenjem istražnog sudije tužiocu je određen pritvor. Tužilac je u pritvoru proveo 75 dana, nakon čega je protiv njega podignuta optužnica zbog krivičnog dela primanja mita. Nakon ovoga, Sektor unutrašnje kontrole policije-Uprave za poslove unutrašnje kontrole policije, podneo je protiv tužioca još jednu krivičnu prijavu, a sada zbog krivičnog dela zloupotreba službenog položaja iz čl.359 st.1 KZ u saizvršilaštvu u vezi čl.33 KZ. Obaveštenjem OJT Niš 16Kt 4650/13 od 09.07.2014. godine tužilac je pismeno obavešten da je navedena krivična prijava odbačena jer prijavlјeno delo nije krivično delo koje se goni po službenoj dužnosti. Tužilac je u tužbi i tokom postupka naveo je usled navedene krivične prijave od 03.12.2013. godine trpeo strah, stres i duševni bol.

Presuda je dostupna u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde

Član 10-2 | DIC | Delfi AS protiv Estonije
Presuda je povezana sa presudom Kzz 1174/2018 od 25.10.2018. godine, Vrhovnog kasacionog suda, kojom se odbija kao neosnovan zahtev za zaštitu zakonitosti branioca okrivlјenog AA, podnet protiv pravnosnažnih presuda Osnovnog suda u Nišu 1K 933/17 od 15.11.2017. godine i Višeg suda u Nišu Kž1 139/18 od 24.04.2018. godine.

Presudom Osnovnog suda u Nišu 1K 933/17 od 15.11.2017. godine, okrivlјeni AA, oglašen je krivim zbog izvršenja krivičnog dela oštećenje tuđih prava iz člana 220. stav 2. KZ, za koje mu je izrečena uslovna osuda, kojom mu je utvrđena kazna zatvora u trajanju od 3 (tri) meseca sa rokom provere od 1 godine od dana pravnosnažnosti presude, i da treba da isplati u roku od 30 dana od dana pravnosnažnosti navedene presude privatnom tužiocu-oštećenom BB, određeni iznos sa pripadajućom kamatom, kao i troškove parničnog postupka shodno presudi Osnovnog suda u Nišu 33P 8299/10 od 30.05.2012. godine i rešenju o izvršenju 6I 3260/13 od 15.04.2013. godine. Istom presudom, okrivlјeni je obavezan da između ostalog isplati privatnom tužiocu BB, na ime nužnih troškova krivičnog postupka, presudom navedeni iznos od 263.250,00 dinara, sve u roku od 15 dana od dana pravnosnažnosti navedene presude, pod pretnjom prinudnog izvršenja.

Presudom Višeg suda u Nišu Kž1 139/18 od 24.04.2018. godine, odbijena je kao neosnovana žalba branioca okrivlјenog AA, a presuda Osnovnog suda u Nišu 1K 933/17 od 15.11.2017. godine, je potvrđena.

Presuda je dostupna u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde
Član 10-2 | DIC | Filipović protiv Srbije
Presuda je navedena u rešenju Gž 1786/2018 od 28.05.2018. godine Apelacionog suda u Krgujevcu, kojim se ukida presuda Višeg suda u Kruševcu P.br.8/13 od 22.1.2014. godine u stavu prvom i četvrtom izreke i predmet vraća prvostepenom sudu na ponovno suđenje.

Presudom Višeg suda u Kruševcu P.br.8/13 od 22.1.2014. godine u stavu prvom izreke delimično je usvojen tužbeni zahtev tužioca „AA“ iz …, pa je obavezan tuženi „BB“ iz …, da tužiocu na ime naknade nematerijalne štete zbog pretrplјenih duševnih bolova zbog povrede časti i ugleda, plati iznos od 150.000,00 dinara, sa zakonskom zateznom kamatom na ovaj iznos počev od 22.01.2014. godine. Stavom drugim izreke odbijen je kao neosnovan tužbeni zahtev tužioca „AA“ iz …, u delu u kome je tražio da se tuženi „BB“ iz …, obaveže da mu na ime naknade nematerijalne štete zbog pretrplјenih duševnih bolova zbog povrede časti i ugleda plati iznos od još 350.000,00 dinara, sa zakonskom zateznom kamatom na ovaj iznos. Stavom trećim izreke utvrđeno je da je tužba tužioca „AA“ iz …, podneta sudu 18.05.2012. godine, protiv „VV“ iz …, povučena. Stavom četvrtim izreke obavezan je tuženi „BB“ iz … da tužiocu „AA“ iz …, naknadi troškove parničnog postupka u iznosu od 90.100,00 dinara.

Tužilac „AA“ je po zanimanju diplomirani sociolog, i u toku 2006. godine i u vreme kada je realizovana adaptacija …., a i sada obavlјa poslove sekretara Crvenog krsta opštine …. Tuženi „BB“ je novinar i glavni i odgovorni urednik mesečnog lista … i dopisnik dnevnog lista ….

U mesečnom listu …, broj 34 iz novembra 2011. godine, objavlјen je članak pod naslovom: “MUP da ispita adaptaciju … u …, u kome je navedeno: da je za adaptaciju … u … potrošeno preko 80.000 evra; da je adaptacija … išla preko Crvenog krsta u …; da je opština … za rekonstrukciju odvojila 4,6 miliona dinara, a da je rekonstrukciju pomogla i američka nevladina organizacija … sa više od 60.000 dolara, te se navodi i procena vrednosti radova koja je znatno niža. U istom listu …, broj 35, decembar/januar 2011/2012 godine, objavlјen je članak u kome je navedeno: da se iz dokumentacije o izgradnji … koja je dospela u posed redakcije … jasno vidi da je na pomolu još jedna župska afera, koju su godinama brižlјivo skrivali čelnici opštine …; da je u tekstu dalјe naznačeno da je „AA“, sekretar organizacije Crvenog krsta tvrdio da je adaptacija … koštala oko 14.000 evra i da opština … za taj posao nije izdvojila ni dinar… Na osnovu ovako utvrđenog činjeničnog stanja prvostepeni sud je zaklјučio da je tužilac zbog objavlјivanja navedenih članaka trpeo duševne bolove zbog povrede časti i ugleda i da je za tu štetu odgovoran tuženi.

Sloboda izražavanja zagarantovana je i članom 10 stav 1 Evropske konvencije za zaštitu lјidskih prava i osnovnih sloboda, a Evropski sud za lјudska prava kroz svoje odluke utvrdio je opšta načela koja se primenjuju da bi se ocenilo da li je mešanje u ostvarivanje prava na slobodu izražavanja „neophodno u demokratskom društvu“ u smislu člana 10 stav 2 Konvencije.

Svaka informacija koja je objavlјena smatra se da je pripremlјena s dužnom pažnjom kada je novinar u dobroj veri, uložio napore da proveri elemente svoje priče, čije je objavlјivanje u javnom interesu (Koprivica protiv Crne Gore, br. 41158/09). Potrebno je napraviti pažlјivu razliku između činjenica i vrednosnih sudova. Postojanje činjenica se može dokazati, dok istinitost vrednosnih sudova nije dokaziva ( Lingens protiv Austrije,1986,tačka 46). Čak i kada neka izjava predstavlјa vrednosni sud, srazmernost mešanja može zavisiti od toga da li postoji dovolјna činjenična osnova za spornu izjavu, budući da vrednosni sud bez činjenične osnove koja bi ga potkrepila može biti preteran. Imajući u vidu da mediji igraju naročito važnu ulogu u društvu kao „čuvari javnog interesa“, iako mediji prekorače određene granice, posebno u vezi sa ugledom i pravima drugih, njihova je dužnost da saopštavaju „ na način dosledan njihovim obavezama i odgovornostima“, informacije i ideje o svim pitanjima od javnog interesa. Prema stavovima Evropskog suda za lјudska prava, redovni sudovi ne treba previše strogo da ocenjuju profesionalno ponašanje novinara, jer to kasnije može dovesti do odvraćanja od funkcije informisanja javnosti, budući da jedna sudska odluka može imati uticaj ne samo na pojedinačan slučaj, već na medije u celini (Tolstoy Mloslavski protiv Velike Britanije, br.18139/91; Tešić protiv Srbije, br.4678/07 i 50591/12; Filipović protiv Srbije, br.27935/05)).

Rešenje je dostupno u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde i ovde
Član 10-2 | DIC | Koprivica protiv Crne Gore
Presuda je navedena u rešenju Gž 1786/2018 od 28.05.2018. godine Apelacionog suda u Krgujevcu, kojim se ukida presuda Višeg suda u Kruševcu P.br.8/13 od 22.1.2014. godine u stavu prvom i četvrtom izreke i predmet vraća prvostepenom sudu na ponovno suđenje.

Presudom Višeg suda u Kruševcu P.br.8/13 od 22.1.2014. godine u stavu prvom izreke delimično je usvojen tužbeni zahtev tužioca „AA“ iz …, pa je obavezan tuženi „BB“ iz …, da tužiocu na ime naknade nematerijalne štete zbog pretrplјenih duševnih bolova zbog povrede časti i ugleda, plati iznos od 150.000,00 dinara, sa zakonskom zateznom kamatom na ovaj iznos počev od 22.01.2014. godine. Stavom drugim izreke odbijen je kao neosnovan tužbeni zahtev tužioca „AA“ iz …, u delu u kome je tražio da se tuženi „BB“ iz …, obaveže da mu na ime naknade nematerijalne štete zbog pretrplјenih duševnih bolova zbog povrede časti i ugleda plati iznos od još 350.000,00 dinara, sa zakonskom zateznom kamatom na ovaj iznos. Stavom trećim izreke utvrđeno je da je tužba tužioca „AA“ iz …, podneta sudu 18.05.2012. godine, protiv „VV“ iz …, povučena. Stavom četvrtim izreke obavezan je tuženi „BB“ iz … da tužiocu „AA“ iz …, naknadi troškove parničnog postupka u iznosu od 90.100,00 dinara.

Tužilac „AA“ je po zanimanju diplomirani sociolog, i u toku 2006. godine i u vreme kada je realizovana adaptacija …., a i sada obavlјa poslove sekretara Crvenog krsta opštine …. Tuženi „BB“ je novinar i glavni i odgovorni urednik mesečnog lista … i dopisnik dnevnog lista ….

U mesečnom listu …, broj 34 iz novembra 2011. godine, objavlјen je članak pod naslovom: “MUP da ispita adaptaciju … u …, u kome je navedeno: da je za adaptaciju … u … potrošeno preko 80.000 evra; da je adaptacija … išla preko Crvenog krsta u …; da je opština … za rekonstrukciju odvojila 4,6 miliona dinara, a da je rekonstrukciju pomogla i američka nevladina organizacija … sa više od 60.000 dolara, te se navodi i procena vrednosti radova koja je znatno niža. U istom listu …, broj 35, decembar/januar 2011/2012 godine, objavlјen je članak u kome je navedeno: da se iz dokumentacije o izgradnji … koja je dospela u posed redakcije … jasno vidi da je na pomolu još jedna župska afera, koju su godinama brižlјivo skrivali čelnici opštine …; da je u tekstu dalјe naznačeno da je „AA“, sekretar organizacije Crvenog krsta tvrdio da je adaptacija … koštala oko 14.000 evra i da opština … za taj posao nije izdvojila ni dinar… Na osnovu ovako utvrđenog činjeničnog stanja prvostepeni sud je zaklјučio da je tužilac zbog objavlјivanja navedenih članaka trpeo duševne bolove zbog povrede časti i ugleda i da je za tu štetu odgovoran tuženi.

Sloboda izražavanja zagarantovana je i članom 10 stav 1 Evropske konvencije za zaštitu lјidskih prava i osnovnih sloboda, a Evropski sud za lјudska prava kroz svoje odluke utvrdio je opšta načela koja se primenjuju da bi se ocenilo da li je mešanje u ostvarivanje prava na slobodu izražavanja „neophodno u demokratskom društvu“ u smislu člana 10 stav 2 Konvencije.

Svaka informacija koja je objavlјena smatra se da je pripremlјena s dužnom pažnjom kada je novinar u dobroj veri, uložio napore da proveri elemente svoje priče, čije je objavlјivanje u javnom interesu (Koprivica protiv Crne Gore, br. 41158/09). Potrebno je napraviti pažlјivu razliku između činjenica i vrednosnih sudova. Postojanje činjenica se može dokazati, dok istinitost vrednosnih sudova nije dokaziva ( Lingens protiv Austrije,1986,tačka 46). Čak i kada neka izjava predstavlјa vrednosni sud, srazmernost mešanja može zavisiti od toga da li postoji dovolјna činjenična osnova za spornu izjavu, budući da vrednosni sud bez činjenične osnove koja bi ga potkrepila može biti preteran. Imajući u vidu da mediji igraju naročito važnu ulogu u društvu kao „čuvari javnog interesa“, iako mediji prekorače određene granice, posebno u vezi sa ugledom i pravima drugih, njihova je dužnost da saopštavaju „ na način dosledan njihovim obavezama i odgovornostima“, informacije i ideje o svim pitanjima od javnog interesa. Prema stavovima Evropskog suda za lјudska prava, redovni sudovi ne treba previše strogo da ocenjuju profesionalno ponašanje novinara, jer to kasnije može dovesti do odvraćanja od funkcije informisanja javnosti, budući da jedna sudska odluka može imati uticaj ne samo na pojedinačan slučaj, već na medije u celini (Tolstoy Mloslavski protiv Velike Britanije, br.18139/91; Tešić protiv Srbije, br.4678/07 i 50591/12; Filipović protiv Srbije, br.27935/05)).

Rešenje je dostupno u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde i ovde
Član 10-2 | DIC | Miljević protiv Hrvatske
Presuda je povezana sa presudom Rev 466/2017 od 21.09.2017. godine, Vrhovnog kasacionog suda, kpjom se odbija kao neosnovana revizija tužilaca izjavlјena protiv presude Apelacionog suda u Novom Sadu Gž 88/16 od 24.08.2016. godine.

Presudom Višeg suda u Novom Sadu P 221/2012 od 23.10.2015. godine, stavom prvim izreke, obavezana je tužena da tužiocu AA na ime naknade nematerijalne štete na ime povrede ugleda i časti isplati iznos od 100.000,00 dinara sa zakonskom zateznom kamatom počev od dana presuđenja do isplate. Stavom drugim izreke, obavezana je tužena da tužiocu BB na ime naknade nematerijalne štete na ime povrede ugleda i časti isplati iznos od 50.000,00 dinara sa zakonskom zateznom kamatom počev od dana presuđenja do isplate. Stavom trećim izreke, odbijen je deo tužbenog zahteva tužioca AA preko dosuđenog iznosa od 100.000,00 dinara do traženog iznosa od 400.000,00 dinara na ime naknade nematerijalne štete na ime povrede ugleda i časti i deo tužbenog zahteva tužioca BB preko dosuđenog iznosa od 50.000,00 dinara do traženog iznosa od 200.000,00 dinara na ime pretrplјene nematerijalne štete na ime povrede ugleda i časti. Stavom četvrtim izreke, obavezana je tužena da solidarno tužiocima naknadi troškove postupka u iznosu od 156.850,00 dinara.
Presudom Apelacionog suda u Novom Sadu Gž 88/16 od 24.08.2016. godine, žalba tužene je usvojena, a žalba tužilaca odbijena, pa je presuda Višeg suda u Novom Sadu P 221/2012 od 23.10.2015. godine u pobijanom usvajajućem delu odluke o tužbenim zahtevima (st. 1. i 2. izreke) i delu odluke o troškovima postupka (stav 4. izreke) preinačena, tako što su odbijeni tužbeni zahtevi da se obaveže tužena da isplati naknadu nematerijalne štete na ime povrede ugleda i časti tužiocu AA u iznosu od 100.000,00 dinara i tužiocu BB u iznosu od 50.000,00 dinara, sve to sa zakonskom zateznom kamatom počev od presuđenja pa do isplate, kao i zahtev tužilaca da im tužena solidarno naknadi troškove parničnog postupka u iznos od 156.850,00 dinara, a tužioci su obavezani da tuženoj naknade troškove prvostepenog postupka, i to tužilac AA u iznosu od 98.933,00 dinara, a tužilac BB u iznosu od 49.467,00 dinara. Prvostepena presuda je potvrđena u preostalom pobijanom odbijajućem delu odluke o tužbenim zahtevima tužilaca (stav 3. izreke). Stavom drugim izreke drugostepene presude, tužioci su obavezani da tuženoj naknade troškove žalbenog postupka, i to tužilac AA u iznosu od 12.000,00 dinara, a tužilac BB u iznosu od 6.000,00 dinara

Presuda je dostupna u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde
Član 10-2 | DIC | Tešić protiv Srbije
Presuda je navedena u rešenju Gž 1786/2018 od 28.05.2018. godine Apelacionog suda u Krgujevcu, kojim se ukida presuda Višeg suda u Kruševcu P.br.8/13 od 22.1.2014. godine u stavu prvom i četvrtom izreke i predmet vraća prvostepenom sudu na ponovno suđenje.

Presudom Višeg suda u Kruševcu P.br.8/13 od 22.1.2014. godine u stavu prvom izreke delimično je usvojen tužbeni zahtev tužioca „AA“ iz …, pa je obavezan tuženi „BB“ iz …, da tužiocu na ime naknade nematerijalne štete zbog pretrplјenih duševnih bolova zbog povrede časti i ugleda, plati iznos od 150.000,00 dinara, sa zakonskom zateznom kamatom na ovaj iznos počev od 22.01.2014. godine. Stavom drugim izreke odbijen je kao neosnovan tužbeni zahtev tužioca „AA“ iz …, u delu u kome je tražio da se tuženi „BB“ iz …, obaveže da mu na ime naknade nematerijalne štete zbog pretrplјenih duševnih bolova zbog povrede časti i ugleda plati iznos od još 350.000,00 dinara, sa zakonskom zateznom kamatom na ovaj iznos. Stavom trećim izreke utvrđeno je da je tužba tužioca „AA“ iz …, podneta sudu 18.05.2012. godine, protiv „VV“ iz …, povučena. Stavom četvrtim izreke obavezan je tuženi „BB“ iz … da tužiocu „AA“ iz …, naknadi troškove parničnog postupka u iznosu od 90.100,00 dinara.

Tužilac „AA“ je po zanimanju diplomirani sociolog, i u toku 2006. godine i u vreme kada je realizovana adaptacija …., a i sada obavlјa poslove sekretara Crvenog krsta opštine …. Tuženi „BB“ je novinar i glavni i odgovorni urednik mesečnog lista … i dopisnik dnevnog lista ….

U mesečnom listu …, broj 34 iz novembra 2011. godine, objavlјen je članak pod naslovom: “MUP da ispita adaptaciju … u …, u kome je navedeno: da je za adaptaciju … u … potrošeno preko 80.000 evra; da je adaptacija … išla preko Crvenog krsta u …; da je opština … za rekonstrukciju odvojila 4,6 miliona dinara, a da je rekonstrukciju pomogla i američka nevladina organizacija … sa više od 60.000 dolara, te se navodi i procena vrednosti radova koja je znatno niža. U istom listu …, broj 35, decembar/januar 2011/2012 godine, objavlјen je članak u kome je navedeno: da se iz dokumentacije o izgradnji … koja je dospela u posed redakcije … jasno vidi da je na pomolu još jedna župska afera, koju su godinama brižlјivo skrivali čelnici opštine …; da je u tekstu dalјe naznačeno da je „AA“, sekretar organizacije Crvenog krsta tvrdio da je adaptacija … koštala oko 14.000 evra i da opština … za taj posao nije izdvojila ni dinar… Na osnovu ovako utvrđenog činjeničnog stanja prvostepeni sud je zaklјučio da je tužilac zbog objavlјivanja navedenih članaka trpeo duševne bolove zbog povrede časti i ugleda i da je za tu štetu odgovoran tuženi.

Sloboda izražavanja zagarantovana je i članom 10 stav 1 Evropske konvencije za zaštitu lјidskih prava i osnovnih sloboda, a Evropski sud za lјudska prava kroz svoje odluke utvrdio je opšta načela koja se primenjuju da bi se ocenilo da li je mešanje u ostvarivanje prava na slobodu izražavanja „neophodno u demokratskom društvu“ u smislu člana 10 stav 2 Konvencije.

Svaka informacija koja je objavlјena smatra se da je pripremlјena s dužnom pažnjom kada je novinar u dobroj veri, uložio napore da proveri elemente svoje priče, čije je objavlјivanje u javnom interesu (Koprivica protiv Crne Gore, br. 41158/09). Potrebno je napraviti pažlјivu razliku između činjenica i vrednosnih sudova. Postojanje činjenica se može dokazati, dok istinitost vrednosnih sudova nije dokaziva ( Lingens protiv Austrije,1986,tačka 46). Čak i kada neka izjava predstavlјa vrednosni sud, srazmernost mešanja može zavisiti od toga da li postoji dovolјna činjenična osnova za spornu izjavu, budući da vrednosni sud bez činjenične osnove koja bi ga potkrepila može biti preteran. Imajući u vidu da mediji igraju naročito važnu ulogu u društvu kao „čuvari javnog interesa“, iako mediji prekorače određene granice, posebno u vezi sa ugledom i pravima drugih, njihova je dužnost da saopštavaju „ na način dosledan njihovim obavezama i odgovornostima“, informacije i ideje o svim pitanjima od javnog interesa. Prema stavovima Evropskog suda za lјudska prava, redovni sudovi ne treba previše strogo da ocenjuju profesionalno ponašanje novinara, jer to kasnije može dovesti do odvraćanja od funkcije informisanja javnosti, budući da jedna sudska odluka može imati uticaj ne samo na pojedinačan slučaj, već na medije u celini (Tolstoy Mloslavski protiv Velike Britanije, br.18139/91; Tešić protiv Srbije, br.4678/07 i 50591/12; Filipović protiv Srbije, br.27935/05)).

Rešenje je dostupno u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde i ovde
Član 35 | DIC | Gashi protiv Hrvatske
Presuda je povezana sa rešenjem Rev 2016/2015 od 28.04.2017. godine, Vrhovnog kasacionog suda, kojim se ukida Apelacionog suda u Beogradu Gž 6830/2013 od 23.02.2015. godine i predmet vraća istom sudu na ponovno suđenje.

Presudom Prvog osnovnog suda u Beogradu P br. 25254/2011 od 28.06.2013. godine, stavom prvim izreke, utvrđeno je da je ništavo rešenje Izvršnog odbora Skupštine Grada Beograda br. ... – IO od 25.05.2000. godine. Stavom drugim izreke, utvrđeno je da je ništav ugovor o zakupu stana br. ...-.../... od 29.09.2000.godine, zaklјučen između JP za stambene usluge u Beogradu i tuženog AA. Stavom trećim izreke, utvrđeno je da je ništav ugovor o otkupu stana ... br. ...-.../... od 29.09.2000. godine, zaklјučen između tužioca Grada Beograda i tuženog AA, overen pred Drugim opštinskim sudom u Beogradu Ov br. .../... dana 09.10.2000. godine. Stavom četvrtim izreke, odbijen je, kao neosnovan, tužbeni zahtev tužioca kojim je tražio da se utvrdi da je ništav i da ne proizvodi pravno dejstvo ugovor o kupoprodaji stana zaklјučen između tuženog AA kao prodavca i tuženog BB kao kupca, overen pred Petim opštinskim sudom u Beogradu Ov br. .../... dana 11.12.2000. godine. Stavom petim izreke, odbijen je, kao neosnovan, tužbeni zahtev tužioca kojim je tražio da se obaveže tuženi BB da se sa svim licima i stvarima iseli iz predmetnog stana i da tako ispražnjeni stan preda na slobodno korišćenje i raspolaganje tužiocu Gradu Beogradu. Stavom šestim izreke, odbijen je prigovor nenadležnosti suda, kao neosnovan. Stavom sedmim izreke, odbijen je prigovor stvarne nenadležnosti Prvog osnovnog suda, kao neosnovan. Stavom osmim izreke, obavezan je tužilac Grad Beograd da nadoknadi tuženom BB troškove parničnog postupka. Stavom devetim izreke, obavezan je tuženi AA da nadoknadi tužiocu Gradu Beogradu troškove parničnog postupka.
Presudom Apelacionog suda u Beogradu Gž 6830/2013 od 23.02.2015. godine, stavom prvim izreke, odbijene su kao neosnovane žalbe tužioca i tuženih AA i BB i potvrđena presuda Prvog osnovnog suda u Beogradu P 25254/2011 od 28.06.2013. godine, u stavu četvrtom, petom, šestom, sedmom i stavu osmom izreke. Stavom drugim izreke, preinačena je presuda Prvog osnovnog suda u Beogradu.

Rešenje je dostupno u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde

Član 35 | DIC | Lakićević i drugi protiv Crne Gore i Srbije
Presuda je povezana sa rešenjem R4g.127/14 od 18.08.2014. godine Apelacionog suda u Novom Sadu, kojim se ustavne žalbe podnosilaca vraćaju Ustavnom sudu

Rešenje je dostupno u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde
Član 35 | DIC | Vučković i drugi protiv Srbije
Presuda je povezana sa presudom Gž 1163/2018 od 20.04.2018. Apelacionog suda u Beogradu, kojom se kao neosnovana odbija žalba tužene i potvrđuje presuda Višeg suda u Beogradu P 855/17 od 27.11.2017.godine. u parnici tužioca AA protiv tužene Republike Srbije - Ministarstva odbrane, radi zaštite od dikriminacije.

Presuda je dostupna u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde
Član 35 | DIC | Vučković i drugi protiv Srbije
Presuda je povezana sa presudom Rev 530/2019 od 28.02.2019. godine, Vrhovnog kasacionog suda, kojom se kao neosnovana odbija revizija tužene izjavlјena protiv presude Apelacionog suda u Nišu Gž 2063/18 od 23.05.2018. godine.

Presudom Višeg suda u Vranju P 2845/16 od 15.01.2018. godine, stavom prvim izreke, utvrđeno da je zaklјučkom Vlade Republike Srbije broj 401-161/2008-1 od 17.01.2008. godine povređeno načelo jednakih prava i obaveza, čime je izvršena diskriminacija na osnovu mesta prebivališta tužioca kao ratnog vojnog rezerviste sa teritorije opštine koja nije navedena u označenom zaklјučku Vlade Republike Srbije od 17.01.2008. godine. Stavom drugim izreke, utvrđeno je da je tužba tužioca povučena u delu koji se odnosi na potraživanje po osnovu naknade nematerijalne štete. Stavom trećim izreke, obavezana je tužena da tužiocu na ime troškova parničnog postupka isplati iznos od 45.800,00 dinara sa zakonskom zateznom kamatom od izvršnosti presude do isplate.
Presudom Apelacionog suda u Nišu Gž 2063/18 od 23.05.2018. godine odbijena je kao neosnovana žalba tužene i potvrđena prvostepena presuda u stavovima prvom i trećem izreke.

Presuda je dostupna u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde
Član 41 | DIC | Pogosjan i Bagdasarjan protiv Jermenije
Presuda je povezana sa rešenjem Rev 3033/2019 od 05.09.2019. Vrhovnog kasacionog suda, kojim se odbacuje kao nedozvolјena revizija tužene izjavlјena protiv presude Višeg suda u Vranju Gž 3017/18 od 08.02.2019. godine.

Presudom Osnovnog suda u Vranju Prr1. 65/17 od 18.04.2018. godine, stavom prvim izreke, tužena je obavezana da tužiocu naknadi štetu koja je izazvana povredom prava na suđenje u razumnom roku u predmetu Osnovnog suda u Vranju I 1022/09 u iznosu od 69.702,00 dinara, na ime troškova parničnog postupka u iznosu od 27.376,00 dinara i na ime troškova izvršnog postupka u iznosu od 19.600,00 dinara, pripadajućom kamatom. Stavom drugim izreke tužena je obavezana da tužiocu naknadi troškove parničnog postupka u iznosu od 30.000,00 dinara sa zakonskom zateznom kamatom od izvršnosti presude do isplate.
Presudom Višeg suda u Vranju Gž 3017/18 od 08.02.2019. godine, stavom prvim izreke potvrđena je prvostepena presuda u delu u kom je odlučeno o glavnoj stvari, dok je preinačena odluka o troškovima parničnog postupka.

Rešenje je dostupno u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde
Član 41 | DIC | Pogosjan i Bagdasarjan protiv Jermenije
Presuda je povezana sa rešenjem Rev 627/2020 od 07.02.2020. Vrhovnog kasacionog suda, kojim se odbacuje kao nedozvolјena revizija predlagača izjavlјena protiv rešenja Višeg suda u Leskovcu Ržg 216/19 od 22.11.2019. godine.

Rešenjem Višeg suda u Leskovcu Ržg 216/19 od 22.11.2019. godine, odbijena je žalba punomoćnika predlagača izjavlјena protiv rešenja Osnovnog suda u Leskovcu R4 I 109/19 od 09.09.2019. godine, kojim je odbijen prigovor predlagača za ubrzanje postupka, zbog povrede prava na suđenje u razumnom roku u predmetu tog suda I 7838/10, kao neosnovan.
Protiv navedenog rešenja, predlagač je blagovremeno izjavila reviziju zbog bitne povrede odredaba parničnog postupka, pogrešnog i nepotpuno utvrđenog činjeničnog stanja i pogrešne primene materijalnog prava, s tim što je predložila da se revizija smatra izuzetno dozvolјenom, u skladu sa odredbom član 404. ZPP.

Rešenje je dostupno u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde
Član 41 | DIC | Stojanović protiv Hrvatske
Presuda je povezana sa rešenjem Rev 3050/2019 od 18.09.2019. godine godine, Vrhovnog kasacionog suda, kojim se odbacuje revizija tužene izjavlјena protiv presude Višeg suda u Vranju Gž 1751/18 od 13.11.2018. godine i odbija kao neosnovan zahtev tužioca za naknadu troškova odgovora na reviziju.

Presudom Osnovnog suda u Vranju Prr1 22/17 od 09.02.2018. godine, obavezana je tužena da tužiocu plati na ime naknade imovinske štete izazvane povredom prava na suđenje u razumnom roku u predmetu Opštinskog suda u Vranju
I br. 1012/09 (ranije I. br. 850/05) iznose sa zateznom kamatom od dospeća pa do isplate bliže navedene u izreci pod 1. Tužana je obavezana da tužiocu na ime troškova parničnog postupka plati iznos od 24.000,00 dinara.
Viši sud u Vranju je presudom Gž 1751/18 od 13.11.2018. godine odbio kao neosnovanu žalbu tužene i potvrdio presudu Osnovnog suda u Vranju Prr1 22/17 od 09.02.2018. godine. Odbijen je zahtev tužene za naknadu troškova drugostepenog postupka.

Rešenje je dostupno u javnoj bazi sudske prakse ovde