Presuda Evropskog suda za ljudska prava
ČETVRTI ODJEL
PREDMET KARANOVIĆ protiv BOSNE I HERCEGOVINE
(Zahtjev br. 39462/03)
PRESUDA
STRASBOURG
20. studenog 2007. godine
Ova Presuda postat će konačnom pod uvjetima izloženim u članku 44. § 2. Konvencije. Presuda može biti predmetom redakcijskih izmjena.
U predmetu Karanović protiv Bosne i Hercegovine, Europski sud za ljudska prava (Četvrti odjel), zasjedajući u vijeću u sastavu:
Nicolas BRATZA, predsjednik
J.CASADEVALL,
G.BONELLO,
K.TRAJA,
L.GARLICKI,
L.MIJOVIĆ,
P.HIRVELA, suci i
T.L. EARLY, registrar Odjela,
nakon vijećanja zatvorenog za javnost, održanog dana 23. listopada 2007, donosi sljedeću presudu usvojenu istoga dana.
PROCEDURA
ČINJENICE
I OKOLNOSTI SLUČAJA
Dom za ljudska prava odlučio je da je u slučaju podnositelja zahtjeva (zajedno s gospodinom Kličkovićem i gospođom Pašalić) postojala diskriminacija u uživanju prava na socijalnu skrb, jamčenih člankom 9. Međunarodnog ugovora o ekonomskim, socijalnim i kulturnim pravima. Razlozi su navedeni u Odluci, koja u mjerodavnom dijelu glasi:
„8. U bivšoj Socijalističkoj Federativnoj Republici Jugoslaviji (u daljnjem tekstu: SFRJ), šest socijalističkih republika upravljalo je civilnim mirovinama, prema svojim zakonima i institucijama. Između ostaloga, Zakon o temeljnim pravima iz mirovinskog i invalidskog osiguranja na državnoj razini («Službeni list SFRJ», br: 23/82, 77/82, 75/85, 8/87, 65/87, 87/89, 44/90 i 84/90) jamčio je jednaka minimalna prava svakom građaninu SFRJ i regulirao prava osoba koje su preselile iz jedne republike u drugu.
9. Promjenama nastalim kao posljedica oružanog sukoba, mirovine u Bosni i Hercegovini regulirane su od strane triju posebnih fondova: Društveni fond za penzijsko i invalidsko osiguranje Bosne i Hercegovine (u daljnjem tekstu: Fond u Sarajevu), Zavod mirovinskog i invalidskog osiguranja Mostar (u daljnjem tekstu: Zavod u Mostaru) i Javni fond za penzijsko i invalidsko osiguranje Republike Srpske (u daljnjem tekstu: Fond RS). Fond u Sarajevu i Zavod u Mostaru kasnije su se, nakon Odluke Visokog predstavnika iz studenog 2000. godine, spojili u Federalni zavod za mirovinsko i invalidsko osiguranje (u daljnjem tekstu: Federalni zavod), koji je počeo raditi od 1. siječnja 2002. godine. Trenutačno postoji jedan mirovinski fond u Federaciji i jedan u Republici Srpskoj, i cjelokupno zakonodavstvo, što se izravno tiče mirovinskih sustava, donosi se na entitetskoj razini.
10. Osnovni obračunski plan za određivanje prava na mirovinsko-invalidsko osiguranje razlikuje se u svakom entitetu. Tako su mirovine u Republici Srpskoj znatno niže. U ožujku 2002. godine prosječna mirovina u Federaciji BiH iznosila je 190 KM, a u Republici Srpskoj 120 KM. Minimalna mirovina propisana zakononom u Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine je 140 KM, dok je minimalna mirovina u Republici Srpskoj 80 KM
11. Sustav mirovinskog osiguranja u Bosni i Hercegovini, naslijeđen od bivše SFRJ, utemeljen je na načelu „plati/idi“, tako što se doprinosima iz plaća trenutačno zaposlenih radnika isplaćuju mirovine sadašnih umirovljenika. Dakle, kada novac uđe u sustav kao doprinos, on se odmah isplaćuje kao mirovina, umjesto da je kapital koji donosi kamate, i onda se od kamata isplaćuju mirovine. Kada se trenutačno zaposleni radnik umirovi, doprinosi iz plaća budućih naraštaja radnika osiguravat će mirovine za sadašnje radnike. Stoga je mirovinski sustav kao cjelina imao karakter sustava općeg socijalnog osiguranja. To je slučaj i sa sadašnjim fondovima Federacije BiH i Republike SRpske
12. Zavod u Mostaru, Fond u Sarajevu i Fond RS-a su 27. ožujka 2000. godine zaključili Sporazum o međusobnim pravima i obvezama u provođenju mirovinskog i invalidskog osiguranja (u daljnjem tekstu: Sporazum o mirovinama) («Službeni glasnik RS», broj 15/00 od 5. lipnja 2000; «Službene novine FBiH», br. 24/00 od 30. lipnja 2000.), prema kojem je dogovoreno da će fond koji je do stupanja na snagu ovoga Sporazuma isplaćivao mirovine korisnicima mirovina nastaviti isplaćivati iste mirovine, bez obzira na privremeno ili stalno mjesto boravka korisnika mirovina. Sporazum o mirovinama stupio je na snagu 18. svibnja 2000.
13. Fond RS-a, po ovlasti Vlade Republike Srpske, jednostrano je raskinuo Sporazum o mirovinama u veljači 2002. («Službeni glasnik RS», br. 10/02 od 4. ožujka 2002. godine). Prema izvješću Visokog komesarijata Ujedinjenih naroda za izbjeglice (u daljnjem tekstu: UNHCR) iz lipnja 2002. godine, usprkos svojem povlačenju iz Sporazuma, Fond RS-a nastavio je isplaćivati mirovine onim korisnicima mirovina koji su već bili priznati kao njegovi Sa svoje strane, Federalni zavod očitovao se da će i dalje postupati u skladu sa Sporazumom i plaćati svoje korisnike mirovina koji sada žive u Republici Srpskoj.
14. Prema izvješću UNHCR-a iz lipnja 2002. godine, neusklađenost zakonodavstva između dvaju entiteta i nedostatak zakonodavstva na državnoj razini kojim bi regulirali mirovine i druga socijalna primanja, uzrokovale su probleme raseljenim osobama i povratnicima. Konkretnije, ovi su problemi nastali uslijed različitih shema za izračunavanje mirovina i različitih iznosa mirovina u svakom entitetu
15. Praktično govoreći, osoba koja je umirovljena i primala mirovinu u Sarajevu prije oružanog sukoba, a kasnije počela primati mirovinu iz Fonda RS-a, nakon što je otišla u Republiku Srpsku, nakon povratka u Sarajevo nastavit će primati nižu mirovinu iz Fonda RS-a. Takav povratnik, iako prima manju mirovinu iz Fonda RS-a, suočava se s većim životnim troškovima u Sarajevu od istih troškova u Republici Srpskoj. Dapače, takav povratnik primati će znatno manju mirovinu od osobe koja je plaćala slične mirovinske doprinose tijekom svoga radnog vijeka, ali je bila u Federaciji BiH svo vrijeme tijekom oružanog sukoba.
16. Prema različitim međudržavnim sporazumima o mirovinskim naknadama, neki civilni umirovljenici iz Federacije BiH koji su otišli u druge zemlje za vrijeme oružanog sukoba, nastavili su uživati puna prava na mirovinu iz Fonda Federacije BiH. Naprimjer, u skladu sa Sporazumom o socijalnom osiguranju potpisanim između Bosne i Hercegovine i Republike Hrvatske («Službeni glasnik BiH», Dodatak uz međunarodne sporazume, br. 6/01 od 11. listopada 2001.), nadležni domaći zavod za mirovinsko osiguranje obvezan je isplaćivati korisniku punu mirovinu, iako ta osoba boravi u drugoj državi potpisnici sporazuma. Prema podacima UNHCR-a, nije bilo registriranih većih problema vezanih uz izbjeglice iz Bosne i Hercegovine koje primaju puni iznos mirovine u Hrvatskoj. Od lipnja 2002. godine slični sporazumi potpisani su i provedeni između Bosne i Hercegovine i Austrije i Turske, dok su drugi slični sporazumi bili u pripremi. Prema podacima OHR-a, korisnici mirovina iz Bosne i Hercegovine primali su mirovine u 23 države (uglavnom u Hrvatskoj i Njemačkoj) u lipnju 2002. godine
...........
87. Ove razlike, bez dvojbe, ukazuju kako su osobe što su bile interno raseljene tijekom oružanog sukoba po povratku tretirane drukčije. Svaki od ovih podnositelja prijava napustio je Sarajevo u 1992. godini, na početku oružanog sukoba. Ovi podnositelji prijava sada primaju niže mirovine, samo stoga što su napustili Federaciju BiH tijekom određenenoga razdoblja, ne svojom voljom, kako bi živjeli u Republici Srpskoj. Oni koji su ostali, uživaju prava na veću mirovinu nego oni koji su otišli, čak iako su bili jednako situirani prije oružanog sukoba
88. Doista se čini kako su ovi podnositelji prijava (kao i drugi što su bili interno raseljeni i vratili se u Federaciju BiH) u goroj situaciji nego umirovljenici iz Federacije BiH koji su otišli u druge zemlje tijekom oružanog sukoba. Mnogo umirovljenika iz Federacije BiH koji su otišli u druge zemlje tijekom oružanog sukoba nastavljaju primati pune mirovine od Federalnog zavoda (vidi točku 16. gore).
89. Dapače, mali su izgledi za njihovo vraćanje i život u Federaciji BiH (gdje su troškovi života viši nego u Republici Srpskoj) s manjom mirovinom iz Fonda RS-a, što je značajna zapreka za povratak raseljenih osoba. Podnositelji prijava potvrđuju ove poteškoće, a i Federacija BiH u svojim zapažanjima priznaje da su trebali biti svjesni toga (vidi stavak 45. gore). Jedan od važnih ciljeva u rješavanju sukoba u Bosni i Hercegovini bio je pomoći povratak raseljenih osoba (vidi Opći okvirni sporazum za mir u Bosni i Hercegovini, Aneks 7). Dom smatra da status raseljene osobe predstavlja status koji je mjerodavan po članku II.(2)(b) Sporazuma o ljudskim pravima, i dalje nalazi kako je trenutačna situacija u pogledu mirovina raseljenih osoba suprotna ciljevima Aneksa 7. Jedini razlog koji se navodi za taj različit tretman je Sporazum o mirovinama, koji svojim odredbama čini status raseljene osobe osnovom za različito postupanje. Ali, status raseljene osobe ne može biti opravdanje za različito postupanje, posebice kada, kao u ovom slučaju, ima i konotaciju diskriminacije po etničkim osnovama. U tim okolnostima, Dom zaključuje da različito, lošije postupanje prema podnositeljima prijava glede isplate njihovih mirovina nema objektivnog opravdanja“.
Dom za ljudska prava naložio je sljedeće:
„98. Dom nalazi potrebnim naložiti Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine da do 10. srpnja 2003. godine poduzme sve potrebne zakonske i administrativne mjere kako bi osigurala da podnositelji prijave više ne budu diskriminirani u pogledu uživanja svojih prava na mirovinu zajamčenih člankom 9. Međunarodnog ugovora o ekonomskim, socijalnim i kulturnim pravima, osobito u usporedbi s onim umirovljenicma koji su ostali u Federaciji BiH tijekom oružanog sukoba.
99. Dom dalje nalaže Federaciji Bosne i Hercegovine da svakom podnositelju prijave isplati razliku između mirovine koju bi primao prema Sporazumu o mirovinama i iznosa koji bi taj podnositelj prijave dobivao od Fonda Federacije BiH od dana podnošenja prijave Domu za ljudska prava (tj. od 28. veljače 2002.) do dana kada Federacija BiH postupi u skladu s pravnim lijekom navedenim u stavku 98. (odmah gore u tekstu)“.
II MJERODAVNO PRAVO I PRAKSA
A. Sporazum o ljudskim pravima (Aneks 6. Općeg okvirnog sporazuma za mir iz 1995. godine)
Članak I.
„Strane će osigurati svim osobama pod svojom jurisdikcijom najviši stupanj međunarodno priznatih ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda, uključujuci prava i slobode utvrđene Europskom konvencijom za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda, kao i u njezinim Protokolima i u drugim međunarodnim dokumentima navedenim u Dodatku ovome Aneksu...
Članak II. §§ 1. i 2.
1. Da bi si pomogle u poštivanju svojih obveza prema ovome Sporazumu, Strane ovim osnivaju Komisiju za ljudska prava ("Komisija"). Komisija će se sastojati od dva dijela: Ureda ombudsmana i Doma za ljudska prava
2. Ured ombudsmana i Dom za ljudska prava razmatrat će sljedeće:
(a) navodna i očita kršenja ljudskih prava zajamčenih Europskom konvencijom za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda, kao i u njezinim Protokolima, ili
(b) navodnu ili očitu diskriminaciju po bilo kojoj osnovi – kakve su spol, rasa, boja kože, jezik, vjera, političko ili drugo uvjerenje, nacionalno ili društveno podrijetlo, pripadnost nekoj nacionalnoj manjini, imovina, rođenje ili drugi status koji proizilazi iz uživanja bilo kojih prava ili sloboda utvrđenih međunarodnim sporazumima navedenim u Dodatku ovome Aneksu - kada se za dotično kršenje tvrdi ili je očito da su ga počinile države potpisnice, uključujući bilo kojeg dužnosnika ili tijela država potpisnica, kantona, općina ili bilo kojeg pojedinca koji djeluje po ovlasti takvoga dužnosnika ili tijela.
Države potpisnice u potpunosti će provesti odluke Doma“
B. Zakoni Bosne i Hercegovine
„Službena osoba u institucijama Bosne i Hercegovine, entitetskim institucijama ili institucijama Brčko Distrikta Bosne i Hercegovine koja odbije provesti konačnu i izvršnu odluku Ustavnog suda Bosne i Hercegovine, Suda Bosne i Hercegovine ili Doma za ljudska prava, ili sprečava provedbu takve odluke, ili na drugi način onemogućuje njezinu prpovedbu, kaznit će se kaznom zatvora od šest mjeseci do pet godina“.
PRAVO
I NAVODNO KRŠENJE ČLANKA 6. KONVENCIJE
„1. Svatko, tijekom odlučivanja o njegovim građanskim pravima i obvezama..., ima pravo na pravednu i javnu raspravu u razumnom roku pred neovisnim i nepristranim sudom, osnovanim zakonom“.
A. Dopustivost
B. Osnovanost
II PRIMJENA ČLANKA 46. I ČLANKA 41. KONVENCIJE
A. Članak 46. Konvencije
26. Članak 46. Konvencije predviđa:
„1. Visoke strane ugovornice preuzimaju obvezu povinovati se konačnoj presudi Suda u svakom predmetu u kojem su stranke.
2. Konačna odluka Suda dostavlja se Komitetu ministara koji nadgleda njezino provođenje“.
B. Članak 41. Konvencije
„Kada Sud utvrdi prekršaj Konvencije ili protokola uz nju, a unutarnje pravo visoke strane ugovornice u pitanju omogućuje samo dijelomičnu odštetu, Sud će, ako je to potrebno, pružiti pravedno zadovoljenje oštećenoj strani“.
1. Odšteta
2. Troškovi i izdaci
3. Zatezne kamate
IZ GORE NAVEDENIH RAZLOGA, SUD JEDNOGLASNO
(a) da tužena država treba, u roku od tri mjeseca od dana kada je ova Presuda postala konačna u skladu s člankom 44. § 2. Konvencije, osigurati provođenje sporne odluke Doma za ljudska prava, tako što će:
(i) omogućiti prelazak podnositelja zahtjeva u Fond za mirovinsko osiguranje Federacije Bosne i Hercegovine; i
(ii) isplatiti podnositelju zahtjeva iznos od 2.000 eura (dvijetisuće eura) koji treba preračunati u konvertibilne marke po tečaju koji se primjenjuje na dan isplate;
(b) da tužena država treba, u roku od tri mjeseca od dana kada je ova Presuda postala konačna u skladu s člankom 44. § 2. Konvencije, isplatiti podnositelju zahtjeva 1.500 eura (tisućupetsto eura) na ime nematerijalne štete. Ovaj iznos također treba preračunati u konvertibilne marke po tečaju koji vrijedi na dan isplate plus svi porezi koji mogu biti određeni na taj iznos;
(c) da će se nakon isteka razdoblja od tri mjeseca, sve do isplate, plaćati kamata po viđenju na navedene iznose, po stopi jednakoj najmanjoj kreditnoj stopi Europske središnje banke za razdoblje neizmirenja, uvećana za 3%;
Sačinjeno na engleskom jeziku i objavljeno u pisanom obliku dana 20. studenoga 2007, u skladu s pravilom 77. §§ 2. i 3. Pravila Suda.
T.L. EARLY Nicolas BRATZA
Registrar Predsjednik
___________________________________
Prevod presude preuzet sa https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/
FOURTH SECTION
CASE OF KARANOVIĆ v. BOSNIA AND HERZEGOVINA
(Application no. 39462/03)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
20 November 2007
FINAL
20/02/2008
This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Karanović v. Bosnia and Herzegovina, The European Court of Human Rights (Fourth Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
Sir Nicolas Bratza, President,
Mr J. Casadevall,
Mr G. Bonello,
Mr K. Traja,
Mr L. Garlicki,
Ms L. Mijović,
Mrs P. Hirvelä, judges,
and Mr T.L. Early, Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 23 October 2007,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in an application (no. 39462/03) against Bosnia and Herzegovina lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a citizen of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Mr Duško Karanović (“the applicant”), on 24 November 2003.
2. The applicant was represented by Mr Z.H. Hadžimuratović and Ms F.M. Hadžimuratović, lawyers practising in Sarajevo. The Government of Bosnia and Herzegovina (“the Government”) were represented by Ms M. Mijić, Agent, and by Ms Z. Ibrahimović, Deputy Agent.
3. The applicant complained about the failure to enforce a final and enforceable decision in his favour.
4. On 1 September 2006 the President of the Fourth Section of the Court decided to give notice of the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it was decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.
THE FACTS
THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
5. The applicant was born in 1928 and lives in Sarajevo.
6. In 1987 he was granted an old-age pension from the pension fund of the former Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
7. In 1992 the applicant left his home in Sarajevo, in what is today the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina, and moved to what is today the Republika Srpska. While he was internally displaced, he received his pension from the Republika Srpska.
8. Upon his return to Sarajevo in 2000, the applicant unsuccessfully sought to receive his pension from the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina.
9. On 28 February 2002 he complained to the Human Rights Chamber.
10. On 6 January 2003 the Human Rights Chamber joined the applicant’s case (no. CH/02/9364) and those of Mr Kličković and Ms Pašalić (nos. CH/02/8923 and CH/02/8924) and adopted a single decision. It was read out at a public hearing on 10 January 2003. Having been taken by the full Chamber, the decision became final immediately.
The Human Rights Chamber held that the applicant (together with Mr Kličković and Ms Pašalić) was discriminated against in his enjoyment of the right to social security as guaranteed by Article 9 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. The reasons were set out in the decision which reads, in the relevant part, as follows:
“8. In the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (hereinafter “SFRY”), civilian pensions were administered by the six Socialist Republics under their own respective laws and institutions. In addition, the state-level Law on Basic Rights of Pension and Disability Insurance (OG SFRY no. 23/82, 77/82, 75/85, 8/87, 65/87, 87/89, 54/90, and 84/90) granted equal minimum rights to every SFRY citizen and regulated the rights of persons who moved from one Republic to another.
...
The Human Rights Chamber made the following orders:
“98. The Chamber finds it appropriate to order the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina to take all necessary legislative and administrative actions by 10 July 2003 to ensure that the applicants are no longer discriminated against in their enjoyment of pension rights guaranteed by Article 9 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, particularly in comparison to those pensioners who remained in the Federation during the armed conflict.
Article I
“The Parties shall secure to all persons within their jurisdiction the highest level of internationally recognized human rights and fundamental freedoms, including the rights and freedoms provided in the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms and its Protocols and the other international agreements listed in the Appendix to this Annex...
Article II §§ 1 and 2
Article XI § 6
The Parties shall implement fully decisions of the Chamber.”
14. On 10 November 2000 the Parties to the Agreement on Human Rights extended the mandate of the Human Rights Chamber until 31 December 2003. On the latter date the Human Rights Chamber and the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina merged. Special chambers were created within the Constitutional Court on an interim basis with a mandate to decide on cases received by the former Human Rights Chamber. From 1 January 2004 until 31 December 2006, the special chambers were named the “Human Rights Commission within the Constitutional Court” (see the agreement of 25 September 2003 published in the Official Gazette of Bosnia and Herzegovina (“OG BH”) no. 35/03 of 12 November 2003). Although the special chambers continued operating thereafter, they were no longer named the “Human Rights Commission within the Constitutional Court” (see the agreement of 16 January 2007 published in OG BH no. 43/07 of 11 June 2007). The special chambers were also entrusted with a mandate to examine complaints about non-enforcement of the decisions of the former Human Rights Chamber and to issue declarations in this connection (see Rule 62 of the Rules of Procedure published in OG BH no. 23/05 of 19 April 2005 and Rule 56 of the Rules of Procedure published in OG BH no. 38/07 of 22 May 2007). The declarations at issue certify that a decision of the former Human Rights Chamber was not fully enforced without affording any redress.
Legislation of Bosnia and Herzegovina
15. In accordance with Article 239 of the Criminal Code 2003 (Krivični zakon Bosne i Hercegovine; published in OG BH nos. 3/03 of 10 February 2003 and 37/03 of 22 November 2003; amendments published in OG BH nos. 32/03 of 28 October 2003, 54/04 of 8 December 2004, 61/04 of 29 December 2004, 30/05 of 17 May 2005, 53/06 of 13 July 2006, 55/06 of 18 July 2006 and 32/07 of 30 April 2007), non-enforcement of a final and enforceable decision of the Human Rights Chamber amounts to a criminal offence:
“An official of the institutions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the Entities or of the Brčko District of Bosnia and Herzegovina, who refuses to enforce a final and enforceable decision of the Constitutional Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina, of the Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina or of the Human Rights Chamber of Bosnia and Herzegovina, or who prevents the enforcement of any such decision, or who frustrates the enforcement of the decision in some other way, shall be punished by imprisonment for a term between six months and five years.”
THE LAW
ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 OF THE CONVENTION
16. The applicant complained that a final and enforceable decision of the Human Rights Chamber in his favour had not been enforced. His complaint falls to be examined under Article 6 of the Convention, which reads as follows:
“In the determination of his civil rights and obligations ..., everyone is entitled to a fair and public hearing within a reasonable time by an independent and impartial tribunal established by law.”
Admissibility
17. The parties disagreed as to whether an appeal to the Constitutional Court constituted an “effective” domestic remedy within the meaning of Article 35 § 1 of the Convention in the circumstances of the present case.
18. The general principles concerning the rule of exhaustion of domestic remedies were outlined in Mirazović v. Bosnia and Herzegovina ((dec.), no. 13628/03, 16 May 2006).
19. As opposed to complaints about non-enforcement of other judicial decisions (which are examined by the Constitutional Court in the normal procedure), those about non-enforcement of the decisions of the former Human Rights Chamber are dealt with by the Constitutional Court’s special chambers. This special procedure may lead to no more than an acknowledgment of the impugned state of affairs in the form of a declaration: the special chambers have no power to examine whether the impugned non-enforcement amounted to a separate breach of the Convention or to award damages in this connection. The Government did not submit any evidence of a practice of national authorities giving effect to the declarations at issue. In all the circumstances, the Court considers that the Government have failed to establish that an appeal to the Constitutional Court is sufficiently “effective” so as to be capable of providing the applicant with redress for his complaint, and so as to require exhaustion under Article 35 § 1 of the Convention (see, a contrario, Mirazović, cited above, concerning non-enforcement of a decision of a judicial body other than the former Human Rights Chamber).
20. The Government’s objection is thus dismissed.
21. The Court notes that the application is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.
Merits
22. The parties further disagreed whether the impugned decision of the Human Rights Chamber had been fully enforced or not. The Government argued that the applicant’s transfer from the Republika Srpska Pension Fund (“RS Fund”) to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Pension Fund (“FBH Fund”) was not required because the nominal amount of the applicant’s RS Fund pension had surpassed, on 1 October 2002, the amount which he would have received in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina. They further accepted that the RS Fund paid to the applicant less than the nominal amount of his pension. According to the applicant’s calculations, the veracity of which the Government did not contest, this difference amounted to 2,000 euros. Nevertheless, the Government pleaded that the sum indicated in paragraph 11 above constituted full compensation.
23. The general principles concerning the obligation of the Contracting States to enforce decisions of their courts, including the Human Rights Chamber, were outlined in Jeličić v. Bosnia and Herzegovina (no. 41183/02, § 38, ECHR 2006‑...).
24. The domestic Human Rights Chamber held in the present case that discrimination against the applicant in his enjoyment of the right to social security required that “legislative and administrative actions” be taken (in paragraph 98 of its decision). Given the current legislative and administrative arrangements (notably, the absence of harmonised legislation between the Entities and the lack of State-level legislation regulating pensions), the only conceivable interpretation of the paragraph 98 order is that it required the applicant’s transfer from the RS Fund to the FBH Fund. The fact that the disparity between pension amounts in each Entity may have subsequently become smaller, as suggested by the Government, is of no relevance to the obligation of the respondent State to enforce decisions of its courts.
Furthermore, the amount so far paid to the applicant by way of compensation covered only the difference between the nominal amount of the applicant’s RS Fund pension and what would have been the nominal amount of his FBH Fund pension. As it is undisputed that the applicant received from the RS Fund less then he was due to receive, the above amount does not constitute full compensation for the purposes of paragraph 99 of the impugned decision of the Human Rights Chamber. According to the applicant’s calculations, he should have received another 2,000 euros. The Government did not contest the veracity of those calculations.
25. Since more than four years have passed since the impugned decision of the Human Rights Chamber became final and the applicant has not yet been transferred to the FBH Fund (as ordered in paragraph 98 of the decision) and has not yet received full compensation (as ordered in paragraph 99 of the decision), the Court concludes that the essence of the applicant’s right of access to court, as protected by Article 6 of the Convention, was impaired (see Jeličić, cited above, §§ 38-46). There has accordingly been a breach of that Article.
APPLICATION OF ARTICLES 46 AND 41 OF THE CONVENTION
Article 46 of the Convention
26. Article 46 of the Convention provides:
“1. The High Contracting Parties undertake to abide by the final judgment of the Court in any case to which they are parties.
The final judgment of the Court shall be transmitted to the Committee of Ministers, which shall supervise its execution.”
27. The violation of the applicant’s right guaranteed by Article 6 concerns a failure of the authorities to eliminate discrimination from the pension legislation regardless of an order of the Human Rights Chamber in that direction. The facts of the case thus disclose the existence, within the national legal order, of a shortcoming affecting a whole class of citizens (namely, pensioners living in the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina who were internally displaced in the Republika Srpska during the armed conflict). The fact that they are all potential applicants represents a threat to the future effectiveness of the Convention machinery.
28. Before examining the applicant’s individual claims for just satisfaction under Article 41 of the Convention and in view of the circumstances of the instant case, the Court wishes to consider what consequences may be drawn for the respondent State from Article 46 of the Convention. It reiterates that by virtue of Article 46 the High Contracting Parties have undertaken to abide by the final judgments of the Court in any case to which they are parties, execution being supervised by the Committee of Ministers of the Council of Europe. It follows, among other things, that a judgment in which the Court finds a breach imposes on the respondent State a legal obligation not just to pay those concerned the sums awarded by way of just satisfaction under Article 41, but also to select, subject to supervision by the Committee of Ministers, the general and/or, if appropriate, individual measures to be adopted in their domestic legal order to put an end to the violation found by the Court and to redress so far as possible the effects (see Scozzari and Giunta Italy [GC], nos. 39221/98 and 41963/98, § 249, ECHR 2000-VIII, and Broniowski v. Poland [GC], no. 31443/96, § 192, ECHR 2004-V).
Furthermore, it follows from the Convention, and from Article 1 in particular, that in ratifying the Convention the Contracting States undertake to ensure that their domestic legislation is compatible with it. Consequently, it is for the respondent State to remove any obstacles in its domestic legal system that might prevent the applicant’s situation from being adequately redressed (see Maestri v. Italy [GC], no. 39748/98, § 47, ECHR 2004-I, and Assanidze v. Georgia [GC], no. 71503/01, § 198, ECHR 2004‑II).
29. Although it is in principle not for the Court to determine what remedial measures may be appropriate to satisfy the respondent State’s obligations under Article 46 of the Convention (see Broniowski, cited above, § 193), the violation found in the instant case, by its very nature, does not leave any real choice as to the measures required to remedy it (see paragraph 24 above).
30. In these conditions, having regard to the particular circumstances of the case and the urgent need to put an end to the impugned situation, the Court considers that the respondent State must secure the enforcement of the Human Rights Chamber’s decision at issue by way of transferring the applicant to the FBH Fund as well as paying the applicant 2,000 euros (EUR).
Article 41 of the Convention
31. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
Damage
32. The applicant claimed EUR 1,500 in respect of non-pecuniary damage which the Government considered to be excessive.
33. It is clear that the applicant sustained some non-pecuniary loss arising from the violation of the Convention found in the present case, for which he should be compensated. Making its assessment on an equitable basis, as required by Article 41 of the Convention, it awards the amount claimed by the applicant (EUR 1,500) plus any tax that may be chargeable.
Costs and expenses
34. The Court notes that the applicant was granted legal aid under the Court’s legal-aid scheme in the amount of EUR 850. He sought reimbursement of additional expenses in the amount of EUR 500, but he failed to submit evidence, such as itemised bills and invoices, that those expenses had been actually incurred. Accordingly, the Court rejects that claim.
Default interest
35. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
(a) that the respondent State, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final according to Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, is to secure the enforcement of the impugned decision of the Human Rights Chamber by way of:
(i) transferring the applicant to the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina Pension Fund; and
(ii) paying the applicant EUR 2,000 (two thousand euros) which should be converted into Bosnian markas at the rate applicable at the date of settlement;
(b) that the respondent State, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final according to Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, is to pay the applicant EUR 1,500 (one thousand five hundred euros) in respect of non-pecuniary damage, which should also be converted into Bosnian markas at the rate applicable at the date of settlement, plus any tax that may be chargeable on that amount;
(c) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points;
Done in English, and notified in writing on 20 November 2007, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
T.L. Early Nicolas Bratza
Registrar President