EVROPSKI SUD ZA LJUDSKA PRAVA
DRUGO ODJELJENJE
PREDMET SOLMAZ PROTIV TURSKE
(Predstavka br. 27561/02)
PRESUDA
STRASBOURG
16. januar 2007.
KONAČNI TEKST
16/04/2007
Ova presuda će postati konačna u okolnostima određenim članom 44, stav 2. Konvencije. Može podlijegati priređivačkoj reviziji.
U predmetu Solmaz protiv Turske, Evropski sud za ljudska prava (Drugo odjeljenje), koji je zasijedao kao Vijeće u sastavu:
g. A.B. BAKA, predsjednik,
g R. TÜRMEN,
g M. UGREKHELIDZE,
gđa A. MULARONI,
gđa E. FURA-SANDSTRÖM,
gđa D. JOČIENĖ,
g. D. POPOVIĆ, sudije,
i gđa S. DOLLÉ, registrar Odjeljenja,
nakon vijećanja bez prisustva javnosti, održanog 12. decembra 2006, donosi sljedeću presudu, usvojenu navedenog datuma:
POSTUPAK
Predmet je proizašao iz predstavke (br. 27561/02) protiv Republike Turske, koju je Sudu, u skladu sa članom 34. Konvencije za zaštitu ljudskih prava i temeljnih sloboda (“Konvencija”) podnio turski državljanin. g. Sami Solmaz (“podnosilac”), na dan 17. juna 2002.
Podnosioca su zastupali gđa. F.G. Yolcu, gđa G. Altay i Mr H. Karakuş, advokati iz Istanbula. Vlada Turske (“Vlada”) nije imenovala zastupnika u postupku pred Sudom.
Na dan 29. juna 2005, Sud je odlučio da predstavku proslijedi Vladi. U skladu s odredbama člana 29, stav 3. Konvencije, odlučio je da meritum predstavke razmatra u isto vrijeme kad i prihvatljivost.
ČINJENICE
I. OKOLNOSTI U PREDMETU
Podnosilac je rođen 1966. i živi u Ankari.
Na dan 23. januara 1994, službena lica Odjeljenja za borbu protiv terorizma Centra sigurnosti Istanbul su podnosioca uhapsili i priveli, pod sumnjom da je učestvovao u aktivnostima ilegalne oružane organizacije pod nazivom TKP/ML(Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist Leninist, Turska komunistička partija / marksističko-lenjinistička).
Na dan 7. feburara 1994, podnosilac je izveden pred javnog tužioca, a a nakon toga pred istražnog sudiji Suda državne sigurnosti Istanbul. Istog dana je istražni sudija podnosiocu odredio istražni pritvor.
Na dan 31. marta 1994, javni tužilac podnio je optužnicu kojom se podnosiocu i još četvorici lica na teret stavljaju članstvo u ilegalnoj oružanoj organizaciji i učešće u aktivnostima koje podrivaju ustavni poredak države.
U vrijeme tih događaja, sličan predmet koji se odnosio na aktivnosti organizacije TKP/ML bio je pred trećim vijećem Suda državne sigurnosti Istasnbul. Nakon sukoba nadležnosti između dva vijeća tog suda, 14. marta 1995. je Kasacioni sud odlučio da spoji podnosiočev predmet i predmet koji je bio pred trećim vijećem. Shodno tome, broj optuženih povećao se na šesnaest.
Podnosilac nije prisustvovao jednom broju rasprava.
Tokom postupka, sud je održao četrdeset osam rasprava. Na kraju svake rasprave, Sud državne sigurnosti odbio je podnosiočev zahtjev za puštanje na slobodu do suđenja, s ozbirom na prirodu djela, stanje dokaza i sadržaj spisas.
Na dan 12. juna 2000, Sud državne sigurnosti Istanbul proglasio je podnosioca krivim i izrekao mu kaznu doživotnog zatvora.
Na dan 15. maja 2001, Kasacioni sud je odluku poništio iz procesnih razloga. Predmet je vraćen Sudu državne sigurnosti Istanbul na dalje razmatranje, a podnosilac je ostao u pritvoru. Predmet je ponovo pokrenut s 15 optuženih, uključujući podnosioca.
Na dan 8. februara 2002, podnosiočev advojakt je tražio da se posnosilac, zbog lošeg zdravstvenog stanja, pusti na slobodu do suđenja. Podnio je ljekarski izvještaj koji potvrđuje da g. Solmaz boluje od Wernicke-Korsakoffog sindroma (poremećaj mozga izazvan nedostatkom tiamina, obično povezan s alkoholizmom). Sud je advokatov zahtjev odbacio, insistirajući da podnosilac može da se liječi u zatvoru. Uz to, sud je smatrao da, s obzirom na prirodu djela, stanje dokaznog materijala i sadržaj spisa, podnosilac treba da ostane u pritvoru do suđenja.
Nakon prigovora podnosiočevog advokata, sud je 8. februara 2002. preispitao svoju odluku. Na osnovu medicinskog izvještaja i s obzirom na dužinu vremena koje je podnosilac već proveo u pritvoru, sud je 18. februara 2002. naložio da se pusti do suđenja. Dalje je smatrao da postoji vjerovatnoća da će konačna odluka suda biti u korist podnosioca.
Sudovi državne sigurnosti su ukinuti ustavnim amandmanom usvojenim 7. maja 2004. Nakon toga, podnosiočev predmet prebačen je na Porotnički sud Istanbul.
Nakon sedamnaest rasprava, Porotnički sud Istanbul je 31. januaara 2005. podnosioca osudio i izrekao mu kaznu doživotnog zatvora, u skladu sa članom 146. Krivičnog zakona.
Međutim, nepoznatog datuma je Kasacioni sud ponovo poništio odluku prvostepenog suda. Predmet je nastavljen pred Porotničkim sudom Instanbul, gdje je postupak još uvijek u toku.
II. RELEVANTNI DOMAĆI ZAKONI
“Sve vrijeme odsluženo zbog okolnosti koje su nastale prije nego što je presuda postala konačna, a koje su rezutirale ograničenjem slobode ličnosti, oduzimaju se od izrečene kazne. (...)”
PRAVO
I. PRIHVATLJIVOST
Sud primjećuje da predstavka nije očigledno neutemeljana u smislu člana 35, stav 3. Konvencije. Dalje primjećuje da nije neprihvatljiva ni po jednom drugom osnovu. Stoga se mora proglasiti prihvatljivom.
II. NAVODNO KRŠENJE ČLANA 5, STAV 3. KONVENCIJE
Član 5, stav 3.
“Svako ko bude uhapšen ili pritvoren u skladu s odredbama stava 1(c) ovog člana ima ... pravo na suđenje u razumnom vremenskom roku, ili da bude pušten na slobodu do suđenja. Puštanje može biti uslovljeno garancijom pojavljivanja na suđenju.”
Vlada insistira da je podnosiočev pritvor revidiran u redovnim intervalima. Međutim, u svjetlu težine onog što mu se stavljalo na teret i dokaza u spisu, sud je morao produžiti pritvor do suđenja.
Podnosilac tvrdi da je dužina pritvora bila nerazumna. Dalje tvrdi da odluka domaćeg suda kojom se nalaže produžetak pritvora ne opravdava pretjeranu dužinu tog pritvora.
A. Period koji se uzima u obzir
1. Rekapitulacija relevantne sudske prakse
Sud pocrtava da riječ “presuda” u smislu člana 5, stav 1 (a), treba da se shvati tako da znači i potvrdu krivice, nakon što je ustanovljeno u skladu sa zakonom da je djelo izvršeno, i nametanje kazne ili druge mjere koja podrazumijeva lišenje slobode (vidi Van Droogenbroeck protiv Belgije, presuda od 24. juna 1982, Serija A, br. 50, str. 19, stav 35). Pritvor osobe osuđene u prvom stepenu, bilo daje do tada bila u pritvoru ili ne, ulazi pod član 5, stav 1 (a), koji kaže:
“1. Svako ima pravo na slobodu i sigurnost ličnosti. Niko neće biti lišen slobode, izuzev u sljedećim slučajevima i u skladu s procedurom propisanom zakonom:
(a) zakonitog lišenja slobode osobe nakon presude nadležnog suda; ...”
Prema tome, ako je podnosilac bio u pritvoru do suđenja po članu 5, stav 3, taj oblik čuvanja bi se završio na dan kad se donese odluka o onome za što se tereti, čak i ako je to odluka prvostepenog suda (vidi Wemhoff protiv Njemačke, presuda od 27. juna1968, Serija A, br. 7, str. 23, stav 9). Sud dodatno primjećuje da osoba koja je imala razloga da se žali na produženje pritvora nakon presude, a do odgođene žalbe, ne može da se poziva na član 5, stav 3, ali bi mogla navesti kršenje zahtjeva “razumnog vremenskog roka” iz člana 6, stav 1. Konvencije (ibid.).
Ovaj opći princip postavljen u presudi Wemhoff potvrđen je u presudi B. protiv Austrije (presuda od 28. marta 1990, Serija A, br. 175, str. 23, stav 9). S obzirom na suštinsku vezu između stava 3. i podstava 1(c) člana 5, osoba osuđena u prvom stepenu i u pritvoru do žalbe ne može se smatrati pritvorenom u svrhu izvođenja pred nadležnu sudsku vlast na osnovu razumne sumnje da je izvršila krivično djelo.
Postoji značajna razlika među potpisnicama po pitanju da li je osoba osuđena u prvom stepenu počela služiti kaznu zatvora dok je žalbeni postupak još u toku. Međutim, Sud je u presudi B. protiv Austrije smatrao da bitne garancije člana 5, stav 3. Konvencije ne zavise od domaćeg zakonodavstva (ibid., stav 39). Prema tome, čak i ako domaće zakonodavstvo države članice predviđa da izrečena kazna postaje konačna tek po završetku svih žalbi, pritvor dolazi do kraja u smislu Konvencije trenutka kad se utvrdi krivica i izrekne kazna u prvom stepenu.
U predmetu Neumeister protiv Austrije (presuda od 27. juna 1968, Serija A, br. 8, str. 37, stav 6), inicijalni period pritvora podnosioca završio se šest mjeseci prije datuma kad je podnio predstavku Komisiji. Shodno tome, Sud je smatrao da ne može ispitivati da li je prvi period bio kompatibilan s Konvencjiom. Međutim, dalje je rekao da, u slučaju da je podnosilac osuđen, prvi period bi se u normalnim okolnostima oduzeo od trajanja izrečene zatvorske kazne; time bi se smanjila stvarna dužina zatvorske kazne koja bi se mogla očekivati. Sud je, shodno tome, odlučio da prvi period treba da se uzme u obzir pri ocjeni da li je podnosiočev kasniji pritvor bio razuman (ibid.). Pritom je Sud objasnio da bi bilo pretjerano formalistički tražiti od podnosioca koji se žali na dužinu pritvora u istom krivičnom postupku tražiti da podnese novu predstavku organima Konvencije nakon kraja svakog perioda pritvora do suđenja (vidi Neumeister, str. 38, stav 7). Uz to, Sud je primijetio da bi takav zahtjev preopteretio sistem Konvencije višestrukim predstavkama koje bi podnosio isti podnosilac, s istom pritužbom vezanom za zasebne periode pritvora, ali koji su u slijedu (ibid.).
Iz gornjeg objašnjenja se može izvesti da su presude Wemhoff i Neumeister (donesene istog dana) jedna s drugom komplementarne, jer prva određuje kad prestaje da se primjenjuje relevantni period po članu 5, stav 3, a druga objašnjava primjenu pravila od šest mjeseci po članu 35, stav 1. Konvencije i izračunavanje ukupne dužine periodâ pritvora do suđenja.
Sud i u novijim presudama slijedi isti pristup. Smatra da, ako optuženi bude u pritvoru više od dva ili više zasebnih perioda prije suđenja, garancija “razumnog vremenskog roka” iz člana 5, stav 3. traži globalnu ocjenu akumuliranih perioda (vidi Kemmache protiv Francuske (br. 1 i br. 2), presuda od 27. novembra 1991, Serija A, br. 218, stav 44; I.A. protiv Francuske, presuda od 23. septembra 1998, Izvještaji o presudama i odlukama, 1998-VII, str. 2979, stav 98; Vaccaro protiv Italije, br. 41852/98, stavovi 31-33, 16. novembar 2000; i Mitev protiv Bugarske, br. 40063/98, stav 102, 22. decembar 2004). U tim predmetima, za razliku od presude u predmetu Neumeister, nema nikakvog upućivanja na primjenu pravila od šest mjeseci.
Međutim, donedavno je pristup usvojen u turskim predmetima koje je Sud razmatrao po članu 5, stav 3. bio malo drugačiji od gore navedenog. Ako je predstavka podnesena više od šest mjeseci nakon završetka inicijalnog perioda pritvora, Sud je pritužbe na te periode proglašavao neprihvatljivim. Međutim, u odlučivanju o tome da li je posljednji period pritvora bio razuman, u obzir su se uzimali prethodni periodi pritvora kojima je podnosilac već bio podvrgnut (vidi, između ostalog, Kalay protiv Turske, br. 16779/02, stav 34, 22. septembar 2005; Gıyasettin Altun protiv Turske, br. 73038/01, stav 28, 24. maj 2005; Çiçekler protiv Turske, br. 14899/03, stav 61, 22. decembar 2005; Bahattin Şahin protiv Turske (odluka), br. 29874/96, ECHR 17. oktobar 2000, i Köse protiv Turske (odluka), br. 50177/99, ECHR 2. maj 2006).
Međutim, u novijoj presudi u predmetu Baltacı protiv Turske (br. 495/02, stav 44-46, 18. juli 2006), Sud je ponovo uveo globalni pristup, tako što je izvršio ocjenu akumuliranih perioda pritvora, bez spominjanja pravila od šest mjeseci.
Iz gornje rekapitulacije njegove sudske prakse, Sud zakjučuje da je u predmetima ove vrste stvorena konfuzija po pitanju primjene pravila od šest mjeseci. Sud naglašava da to pravilo, kao odraz želje ugovornih strana da spriječe da se ranije odluke dovode u pitanje nakon protoka neograničene količine vremena, služi interesima ne samo odgovorne vlade, već i pravnoj sigurnosti kao vrijednosti za sebe. Ona postavlja vrenenska ograničenja nadzora koji vrše organi Konvencije, te signalizira i pojedincima i državnim vlastima koji je to period nakon kojeg takav nadzor više nije moguć. Stoga Sud nema otvorenu mogućnost da po strani ostavi primjenu pravila od šest mjeseci, samo zato što data vlada nije po tom osnovu uložila preliminarni prigovor (vidi Walker protiv Ujedinjenog Kraljevstva (odluka), br. 34979/97, ECHR 2000-I).
U svjetlu gore predočenih objašnjenja, Sud želi svojim razmatranjima ovog predmeta razjasniti primjenu pravila od šest mjeseci u slučajevima višestrukih perioda pritovora u smislu člana 5, stav 3. Konvencije.
2. Pristup u konkretnom predmetu
Sud primjećuje da je u ovom predmetu podnosiočev pritvor do suđenja počeko kad je uhapšen, 23. januara 1994. Bio je pritvoren u smislu člana 5, stav 3. Konvencije sve dok Sud državne sigurnotsi Istanbul nije 12. juna 2000. donio presudu. Od tog datuma do 15. maja 2001, kad je Kasacioni sud poništio odluku prvostepenog suda, bio je u pritvoru “nakon presude nadležnog suda” u smislu člana 5, stav 1(a), te shodno tome, taj period pritvora ne ulazi u opseg člana 5, stav 3 (vidi B. protiv Austrije, navod gore, stavovi 33-39, i Kudła protiv Poljske [Veliko vijeće], br. 30210/96, stav 104, ECHR 2000-XI). Od 15. maja 2001. do puštanja na slobodu do suđenja, na dan 18. febrara 2002, podnosilac je ponovo bio u pritvoru do suđenja u smislu člana 5, stav 3. Konvencije.
Sud primjećuje da, u odsustvu domaćih pravnih lijekova, vremensko ograničenje od šest mjeseci počinje da teče od čina na koji se pritužba odnosti. Bez obzira na to, Sud potvrđuje i naglašava razmatranja iz predmeta Neumeister, navedena u gornjem tekstu (vidi stav 27. gore), naročito potrebu da se izbjegne pretjerani formalizam i nametanje pretjeranog tereta ne samo na podnosioca, već i na nadzorni mehanizam Konvencije (vidi Neumeister, navod gore, str. 38, stav 7). To naročito važi u okolnostima ovog predmeta, gdje je krivični postupak bio u toku, u fazi žalbe, a podnosilac je i dalje bio lišen slobode, mada po članu 5, stav 1(a) Konvencije.
Shodno tome, Sud smatra da u ovom predmetu, višestruki periodi pritvora u slijedu trebaju da se posmatraju kao cjelina, a da period od šest mjeseci treba početi da teče od kraja posljednjeg perioda pritvora do suđenja, tj. od 18. februara 2002.
Sud dalje primjećuje da, u skladu sa članom 63. Krivičnog zakona, svaki period zatvora odslužen prije nego što je presuda kojom se pojedinac lišava slobode postane konačna oduzima se od kazne (vidi stav18. gore). Da bi se ocijenilo koliko je razuman period podnosiočevog pritvora do suđenja, Sud, shodno tome, treba da izvrši globalnu ocjenu akumuliranih perioda pritvora u smislu člana 5, stav 3. Konvencije (vidi, mutatis mutandis, Neumeister, navod gore, str. 37, stav 6). Po tome Sud zaključuje da, nakon što oduzme periode kad je podnosilac bio u pritvoru nakon presude u smislu člana 5, stav 1(a) Konvencije, od ukupnog vremena lišenja slobode, period koji će se u ovom predmetu uzeti u razmatranje je skoro sedam godina i dva mjeseca.
B. Razumnost dužine pritvora
1. Principi ustanovljeni sudskom praksom Suda
Sud pocrtava da pitanje da li je period pritvora razuman ili nije ne može da se razmatra u apstraktnom smislu. Da li je razumno da optuženi bude u pritvoru je pitanje koje se mora ocjenjivati u svakom predmetu, na osnovu posebnih karakteristika tog predmeta. Kontinuirani pritvor može se u datom predmetu opravdati samo ako postoje konkretne naznake istinske potrebe u smislu javnog interesa koji će, bez štete po pretpostavku nevinosti, pretegnuti nad potrebom poštivanja slobode pojedinca, kako je garantira član 5. Konvencije (vidi, uz ostale izvore, Kudła protiv Poljske [Veliko vijeće], navod gore, stavovi 110-11).
Prvenstveno je na domaćim vlastima da osiguraju da, u datom predmetu, pritvor optuženog do suđenja ne pređe razuman vremenski rok. U tom smislu, domaće vlasti moraju ispitati sve činjenice koje govore za ili protiv postojanja gore pomenutog uslova javnog interesa, kojim bi se opravalo odstupanje od pravila iz člana 5, te ih mora navest u odlukama po zahtjevima za puštanje na slobodu. Upravo na osnovu razloga datih u tim odlukama i dobro domentiranih činjenica koje podnosilac navodi u svojim žalbama, Sud treba da odluči da li je, ili nije, došlo do kršenja člana 5, stav 3. (vidi Labita protiv Italije [Veliko vijeće], br. 26772/95, stav 152, ECHR 2000-IV, i Kudła, navod gore, stav 110).
2. Primjena ovih principa na okolnosti u ovom predmetu
Sud primjećuje da je Sud državne sigurnosti Istanbul razmatrao nastavak pritvora podnosioca na kraju svake rasprave, bilo po sopstvenom nahođenju ili po zahtjevu podnosioca. Sud, pak, primjećuje, na osnovu materijala u spisu, da je sud, kad je nalagao produžetak podnosiočevog pritvora, koristio identične, stereotipne fraze, poput “s obzirom na prirodu krivičnog djela, stanje dokaznog materijala i saržaj spisa” na kraju većine rasprava. mada, generalno govoreći, izraz “stanje dokaznog materijala” može biti relevantan faktor za postojanje ozbiljnih naznaka krivice, u ovom predmetu, pak, ne mogu sami opraavdati dužinu pritvora na koju se podnosilac žali (vidi Letellier protiv Francuske, presuda od 26. juna 1991, Serija A, br. 207; Tomasi protiv Francuske, presuda od 27. avgusta 1992, Serija A, br. 241-A; i Demirel protiv Turske,br. 39324/98, stav 59, 28. januar 2003.).
U tom kontekstu, Sud primjećuje da Sud državne sigurnosti Istanbul, u svojoj posljednjoj odluci da produži podnosiočev pritvor do ponovnog suđenja u prvom stepenu, nije ukazako u kojoj mjeri bi podnosiočevo puštanje predstavljalo rizik, nakon do tada više od osam godina pritvora (uključujući period zatvora nakon presude) (vidi Demirel, navod gore, stav 60).
Gore predočena razmatranja dovoljna su da Sudu omoguće da zaključi da osnovi dati za podnosiočev pritvor do suđenja nisu bili “dovoljni” i “relevantni” da opravdaju njegovo držanje u pritvoru skoro sedam godina i dva mjeseca. U takvim okolnostima, nije neophodno ispitivati da li je postupak vođen s posebnom revnosnošću.
Shodno tome, došlo je do kršenja člana 5, stav 3. Konvencije.
III. NAVODNO KRŠENJE ČLANA 6, STAV 1. KONVENCIJE
“Pri određivanju ... krivičnih optužbi protiv sebe, svako ima pravo na ... raspravu u razumnom vremenskom roku pred ... sudom...”
Vlada izjavljuje da je predmet bio složen, s obzirom na optužbe protiv podnosioca i potrebu da se organizira opsežno suđenje, u kojem je učestvovalo šesnaest optuženika i veliki broj svjedoka. Vlada tvrdi da ti faktori objašnjavaju dužinu postupka, te da se pravosudnim organima ne mogu imputirati bilo kakav nemar u radu ili kašnjenja. Navodi da je podnosilac sam doprinio dužini postupka, time što se nije pojavio na određenom broju rasprava. Nadalje insistira da njegov advokat na pet uzastopnih rasprava nije podnosio izjave odbrane.
Podnosilac tvrdi da zbog bolesti nije mogao da se pojavi na nekim od rasprava. Insistira, pak, da se ne može smatrati odgovornim za ukupnu dužinu postupka.
Sud primjećuje da je postupak počeo 23. januara 1994, kad je podnosilac uhapšen, i još uvijek je u toku pred Porotničkim sudom Istanbul. Shodno tome, postupak traje već dvaneest godina i jedanaet mjeseci, na dva sudska stepena, koji su predmet razmatrali po dva puta.
Sud često utvrđuje kršenje člana 6, stav 1. Konvencije, u predmetima koji pokreću pitanja slična pitanjima u ovoj predstavci (vidi Pélissier i Sassi protiv Francuske [Veliko vijeće], br. 25444/94, stav 67, ECHR 1999-II, i Ertürk protiv Turske, br. 15259/02, 12. april 2005).
Nakon razmatranja svih materijala koji su mu dostavljeni, te nakon što je uzeo u obzir svoju sudsku praksu po ovom pitanju, Sud smatra da je u ovom predmetu dužina postupka bila pretjerana, te da ne zadovoljava zahtjev “razumnog vremenskog roka”.
Shodno tome, došlo je do kršenja člana 6, stav 1. Konvencije.
IV. PRIMJENA ČLANA 41. KONVENCIJE
“Ako Sud utvrdi da je došlo do kršenja Konvencije ili njenih Protokola, a unutrašnje pravo date visoke strane ugovornice omogućava samo djelimičnu odštetu, Sud će, ako je to potrebno, pružiti pravično zadovoljenje oštećenoj stranci.”
A. Šteta
Podnosilac potražuje 25.000 eura (EUR) u pogledu materijalne štete, te EUR 12.500 za nematerijalnu štetu.
Vlada takvo potraživanje osporava.
Sud ne vidi bilo kakvu uzročnu vezu između utvrđenog kršenja i navodne materijalne štete, te, shodno tome, to potraživanje odbacuje. Međutim, prihvata da podnosilac mora da jeste pretprio određenu nematerijalnu štetu, na osnovu nepotrebne dužine pritvora do suđenja i krivičnog postupka, koja se ne može kompenzirati samo time što će se utvrditi kršenja. Uzimajući u obzir okolnosti samog predmeta, te u svjetlu svoje sudske prakse, Sud podnosiocu u tom smislu dodjeljuje EUR 10.000.
B. Troškovi postupka
U smislu troškova vezanih za zastupanje, podnosilac potražuje 400 novih turskih lira (TRY) (EUR 200) po osnovu troškova komunikacije i prevođenja, te TRY 6.700 (EUR 3.350) za troškove zastupanja. Tvrdi da ta suma uključuje putne troškove i troškove posjeta njegovog advokata, kao i rad vezan za postupak pred Sudom u pripremi predstavke i opservacija o prihvatljivosti i meritumu. Tvrdi da je njegov zastupnik primijenio tarifu koju Advokatska komora Istanbula preporučuje za predstavke ovom Sudu.
Vlada tvrdi da podnosiočevo potraživanje nije potkrijepljeno bilo kakvom dokumentacijom.
Na osnovu materijala koji su mu predočeni i odlučujući na ravnopravnom osnovu, Sud podnosiocu dodjeljuje EUR 2.500 na ime troškova postupka.
C. Zatezna kamata
IZ OVIH RAZLOGA, SUD JEDNOGLASNO
proglašava predstavku prihvatljivom;
odlučuje da je došlo do kršenja člana 5, stav 3. Konvencije;
odlučuje da je došlo do kršenja člana 6, stav 1. Konvencije;
odlučuje
(a) da odgovorna država, u roku od tri mjeseca od datuma kad ova presuda postane konačna u skladu sa članom 44, stav 2. Konvencije, ima isplatiti podnosiocu sljedeće sume, koje će se konvertirati u nove turske lire, po kursnoj listi na dan isplate:
(i) EUR 10.000 (deset hiljada eura) na ime nematerijalne štete; (ii) EUR 2.500 (dvije hiljade pet stotina eura) na ime troškova postupka;
(iii) sve poreze kojima ti iznosi podliježu;
(b) da će se od isteka gore navedenog roka od tri mjeseca do isplate na gore navedenu sumu obračunavati osnovna kamata, po stopi koja je jednaka sporednoj kamatnoj stopi Evropske centralne banke za period neplaćanja, plus tri procentna boda;
5. odbacuje preostali dio podnosiočevog potraživanja za pravično zadovoljenje.
Ovaj tekst izrađen je na engleskom i francuskom jeziku, na dan 16. januara 2007, u skladu s pravilom 77, stavovi 2. i 3. Pravila Suda.
S. DOLLÉ |
A.B. BAKA |
Sekretar |
Predsjednik |
___________________________________
Prevod presude preuzet sa https://hudoc.echr.coe.int/
Ovaj prevod naručen je uz podršku Zakladnog fonda za ljudska prava Vijeća Evrope (www.coe.int/humanrightstrustfund).
SECOND SECTION
(Application no. 27561/02)
JUDGMENT
STRASBOURG
16 January 2007
FINAL
16/04/2007
This judgment will become final in the circumstances set out in Article 44 § 2 of the Convention. It may be subject to editorial revision.
In the case of Solmaz v. Turkey, The European Court of Human Rights (Second Section), sitting as a Chamber composed of:
MrA.B. Baka, President,
MrR. Türmen,
MrM. Ugrekhelidze,
MrsA. Mularoni,
MrsE. Fura-Sandström,
MsD. Jočienė,
MrD. Popović, judges,
and Mrs S. Dollé, Section Registrar,
Having deliberated in private on 12 December 2006,
Delivers the following judgment, which was adopted on that date:
PROCEDURE
1. The case originated in an application (no. 27561/02) against the Republic of Turkey lodged with the Court under Article 34 of the Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (“the Convention”) by a Turkish national, Mr Sami Solmaz (“the applicant”), on 17 June 2002.
2. The applicant was represented by Ms F.G. Yolcu, Ms G. Altay and Mr H. Karakuş, lawyers practising in Istanbul. The Turkish Government (“the Government”) did not designate an Agent for the purposes of the proceedings before the Court.
3. On 29 June 2005 the Court decided to communicate the application to the Government. Under the provisions of Article 29 § 3 of the Convention, it decided to examine the merits of the application at the same time as its admissibility.
THE FACTS
I. THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE CASE
4. The applicant was born in 1966 and lives in Ankara.
5. On 23 January 1994 the applicant was arrested and placed in police custody by officers from the Anti-Terrorist Branch of the Istanbul Security Headquarters, on suspicion of being involved in the activities of an illegal armed organisation, namely the TKP/ML (Türkiye Komünist Partisi/Marksist Leninist, Turkish Communist Party / Marxist Leninist).
6. On 7 February 1994 he was brought before the public prosecutor and then the investigating judge at the Istanbul State Security Court. The same day, the investigating judge remanded the applicant in custody.
7. On 31 March 1994 the public prosecutor filed an indictment charging the applicant and four others with membership of an illegal armed organisation and involvement in activities which undermined the constitutional order of the State.
8. At the time of the events, a similar case concerning certain activities of the TKP/ML was pending before the third chamber of the Istanbul State Security Court. Following a jurisdictional conflict between two chambers of the court, on 14 March 1995 the Court of Cassation decided to join the applicant's case to the one pending before the third chamber. Consequently, the number of accused was increased to sixteen people.
9. The applicant did not attend a number of hearings.
10. In the course of the proceedings, the court held forty-eight hearings. At the end of each hearing the State Security Court rejected the applicant's requests for release pending trial, having regard to the nature of the offence, the state of the evidence and the content of the case file.
11. On 12 June 2000 the Istanbul State Security Court convicted the applicant as charged and sentenced him to life imprisonment.
12. On 15 May 2001 the Court of Cassation quashed the decision for procedural reasons. The case was remitted to the Istanbul State Security Court for further examination and the applicant remained in detention. The case was resumed with 15 accused, including the applicant.
13. On 8 February 2002 the applicant's lawyer requested the court to release the applicant pending trial due to his poor health. He submitted a medical report certifying that Mr Solmaz was suffering from Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome (a brain disorder caused by thiamine deficiency, usually associated with alcoholism). The court dismissed the lawyer's request, maintaining that the applicant could be treated in prison. Moreover, it held that, considering the nature of the offence, the state of the evidence and the content of the file, the applicant should continue to be detained pending trial.
14. Following an objection by the applicant's lawyer, the court reconsidered its decision of 8 February 2002. On 18 February 2002, relying on a medical report and considering the length of the period which the applicant had already spent in detention, the court ordered his release pending trial. It further held that it was likely that the final decision of the court would be in favour of the applicant.
15. State Security Courts were abolished by constitutional amendments introduced on 7 May 2004. Subsequently, the applicant's case was resumed before the Istanbul Assize Court.
16. After holding seventeen hearings, on 31 January 2005 the Istanbul Assize Court convicted the applicant and sentenced him to life imprisonment in accordance with Article 146 of the Criminal Code.
17. However, on an unknown date the Court of Cassation quashed the decision of the first-instance court once again. The case was resumed before the Istanbul Assize Court, where it is still pending.
II. RELEVANT DOMESTIC LAW
18. Article 63 of the Criminal Code (Law no. 5237) provides:
“ Any term served due to circumstances which occurred before the judgment became final and which resulted in the restriction of personal liberty shall be deducted from the sentence. (...)”
THE LAW
I. ADMISSIBILITY
19. The Court notes that the application is not manifestly ill-founded within the meaning of Article 35 § 3 of the Convention. It further notes that it is not inadmissible on any other grounds. It must therefore be declared admissible.
II. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 5 § 3 OF THE CONVENTION
20. The applicant complained that his detention had exceeded the “reasonable time” requirement of Article 5 § 3, which reads, in so far as relevant, as follows:
Article 5 § 3
“Everyone arrested or detained in accordance with the provisions of paragraph 1 (c) of this Article shall be ... entitled to trial within a reasonable time or to release pending trial. Release may be conditioned by guarantees to appear for trial.”
21. The Government maintained that the applicant's detention had been reviewed at regular intervals. However, in view of the seriousness of the charges against him and the evidence in the case file, the court had had to extend his detention pending trial.
22. The applicant argued that the length of his detention had been unreasonable. He further contended that the domestic court's decisions ordering his continued detention had not justified its excessive length.
A. Period to be taken into consideration
1. Recapitulation of the relevant case-law
23. The Court reiterates that the word “conviction”, for the purposes of Article 5 § 1 (a), is to be understood as signifying both a finding of guilt, after it has been established in accordance with the law that an offence has been committed, and the imposition of a penalty or other measure involving a deprivation of liberty (see Van Droogenbroeck v. Belgium, judgment of 24 June 1982, Series A no. 50, p. 19, § 35). The detention of a person convicted at first instance, whether or not he or she has been detained up to this moment, falls under Article 5 § 1 (a), which provides:
“1. Everyone has the right to liberty and security of person. No one shall be deprived of his liberty save in the following cases and in accordance with a procedure prescribed by law:
(a) the lawful detention of a person after conviction by a competent court; ...”
24. Thus, if an applicant has been detained pending trial under Article 5 § 3, that form of custody would end on the day on which the charge is determined, even if only by a court of first instance (see Wemhoff v. Germany judgment of 27 June 1968, Series A no. 7, p. 23 § 9). The Court additionally observes that a person who had cause to complain of continued detention after conviction pending a delayed appeal may not be able to rely on Article 5 § 3 but could possibly allege a breach of the “reasonable time” requirement of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention (ibid.).
25. This general principle asserted in Wemhoff has been confirmed in B. v. Austria (judgment of 28 March 1990, Series A no. 175, p. 23, § 9). Given the essential link between paragraph 3 and sub-paragraph 1 (c) of Article 5, a person convicted at first instance and detained pending appeal cannot be considered to be detained for the purpose of bringing him or her before the competent legal authority on reasonable suspicion of having committed an offence.
26. There exist important differences among the Contracting States on the question whether a person convicted at first instance has started serving a prison sentence while an appeal is still pending. However, the Court held in B. v Austria that the important guarantees of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention are not dependent on national legislation (ibid., § 39). Thus, even if the domestic law of a member State provides that a sentence only becomes final on completion of all appeals, detention comes to an end for the purposes of the Convention with the finding of guilt and the sentence imposed at first instance.
27. In Neumeister v. Austria (judgment of 27 June 1968, Series A no. 8, p. 37, § 6), the applicant's initial period of detention ended more than six months before the date on which he lodged his application with the Commission. Therefore the Court considered that it could not examine whether the first period was compatible with the Convention. However, it went on to say that, in the event of an applicant being convicted, the first period would normally be deducted from any term of imprisonment imposed; it would thus reduce the actual length of imprisonment which might be expected. The Court accordingly decided that the first period should be taken into account in assessing the reasonableness of the applicant's later detention (ibid.).
In doing so, it explained that it would be excessively formalistic to require an applicant complaining about the length of his or her detention in the same criminal proceedings to lodge a new application with the Convention organs after the end of each pre-trial detention period (see Neumeister, p. 38, § 7). Moreover, it observed that such a requirement would overburden the Convention system with multiple applications lodged by the same applicant with the same complaint concerning different yet consecutive detention periods (ibid.).
28. It can be inferred from the above explanations that the Wemhoff and Neumeister judgments (pronounced on the same day) complement each other, as the former determines when the relevant period under Article 5 § 3 ceases to apply, while the latter clarifies the application of the six-month rule under Article 35 § 1 of the Convention and the calculation of the total length of pre-trial detention periods.
29. The Court has followed the same approach in more recent judgments. It has held that where an accused person is detained for two or more separate periods pending trial, the “reasonable time” guarantee of Article 5 § 3 requires a global assessment of the accumulated periods (see Kemmache v. France (no. 1 and no. 2), judgment of 27 November 1991, Series A no. 218, § 44; I.A. v. France, judgment of 23 September 1998, Reports of Judgments and Decisions 1998‑VII, p. 2979, § 98; Vaccaro v. Italy, no. 41852/98, §§ 31‑33,16 November 2000; and Mitev v. Bulgaria, no. 40063/98, § 102, 22 December 2004). In these cases, unlike the Neumeister judgment, no reference was made to the application of the six-month rule.
30. However, until recently, the approach adopted in Turkish cases examined by the Court under Article 5 § 3 has been slightly different from that above. If an application was lodged more than six months after the end of initial periods of detention, the Court declared the complaints regarding these periods inadmissible. Nevertheless, when deciding on the reasonableness of the last period of detention, account was taken of the previous periods of detention to which the applicant had already been subjected (see, among others, Kalay v. Turkey, no. 16779/02, § 34, 22 September 2005; Gıyasettin Altun v. Turkey, no. 73038/01, § 28, 24 May 2005; Çiçekler v. Turkey, no. 14899/03, § 61, 22 December 2005; Bahattin Şahin v. Turkey (dec.), no. 29874/96, ECHR 17 October 2000, and Köse v. Turkey (dec.), no. 50177/99, ECHR 2 May 2006).
31. Again, in the recent Baltacı v. Turkey judgment (no. 495/02, §§ 44‑46, 18 July 2006) the Court reinstated the global approach by making an assessment of the accumulated periods of detention, without mentioning the six-month rule.
32. From the above recapitulation of its case-law, the Court concludes that confusion has grown regarding the application of the six-month rule in cases of the present kind. It reiterates that this rule, in reflecting the wish of the Contracting Parties to prevent past decisions being called into question after an indefinite lapse of time, serves the interests not only of the respondent Government but also of legal certainty as a value in itself. It marks out the temporal limits of supervision carried out by the organs of the Convention and signals to both individuals and State authorities the period beyond which such supervision is no longer possible. It is therefore not open to the Court to set aside the application of the six-month rule solely because the Government concerned have not made a preliminary objection based on it (see Walker v. United Kingdom (dec.), no. 34979/97, ECHR 2000-I).
33. In the light of the above explanations, the Court wishes to clarify the application of the six-month rule in cases of multiple detention periods, for the purposes of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention, through its examination of the present case.
2. The approach in the instant case
34. The Court observes that, in the present case, the applicant's pre-trial detention began when he was arrested on 23 January 1994. He was detained for the purposes of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention until his conviction by the Istanbul State Security Court on 12 June 2000. From that date until 15 May 2001, when the Court of Cassation quashed the decision of the first-instance court, he was detained “after conviction by a competent court”, within the meaning of Article 5 § 1 (a) and therefore that period of his detention falls outside the scope of Article 5 § 3 (see B. v Austria, cited above, §§ 33‑39, and Kudła v. Poland [GC], no. 30210/96, § 104, ECHR 2000-XI). From 15 May 2001 until his release pending trial on 18 February 2002, the applicant was again in pre-trial detention for the purposes of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention.
35. The Court notes that, in the absence of domestic remedies, the six-month time-limit starts to run from the act being complained of. It nevertheless reaffirms and emphasises the Neumeister considerations cited above (see paragraph 27 above), in particular the need to avoid excessive formalism and the imposition of an excessive burden on not only the applicant but also the Convention supervisory mechanism (see Neumeister, cited above, p. 38, § 7). This is especially so in the circumstances of the present case where the criminal proceedings were pending at the appeal stage and the applicant continued to be deprived of his liberty, albeit under Article 5 § 1 (a) of the Convention.
36. Consequently, the Court considers that, in the instant case, the multiple, consecutive detention periods of the applicant should be regarded as a whole, and the six-month period should only start to run from the end of the last period of pre-trial custody, namely 18 February 2002.
37. The Court further notes that, pursuant to Article 63 of the Criminal Code, any period of imprisonment served before a judgment depriving an individual of personal liberty becomes final shall be deducted from the sentence (see paragraph 18 above). In order to assess the reasonableness of the length of the applicant's pre-trial detention, the Court should therefore make a global evaluation of the accumulated periods of detention for the purposes of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention (see, mutatis mutandis, Neumeister, cited above, p. 37, § 6). Consequently, the Court concludes that, after deducting the periods when the applicant was detained after conviction for the purposes of Article 5 § 1 (a) of the Convention from the total time that he was deprived of his liberty, the period to be taken under consideration in the instant case is nearly seven years and two months.
B. Reasonableness of the length of detention
1. Principles established under the Court's case-law
38. The Court reiterates that the question of whether or not a period of detention is reasonable cannot be assessed in the abstract. Whether it is reasonable for an accused to remain in detention must be assessed in each case according to its special features. Continued detention can be justified in a given case only if there are specific indications of a genuine requirement of public interest which, notwithstanding the presumption of innocence, outweighs the need to respect individual liberty as guaranteed by Article 5 of the Convention (see, among other authorities, Kudła v. Poland [GC], cited above, §§ 110-11).
39. It falls in the first place to the national judicial authorities to ensure that, in a given case, the pre-trial detention of an accused person does not exceed a reasonable time. To this end, they must examine all the facts arguing for or against the existence of the above-mentioned requirement of public interest justifying a departure from the rule in Article 5, and must set them out in their decisions on the applications for release. It is essentially on the basis of the reasons given in these decisions and of the well-documented facts stated by the applicant in his appeals that the Court is called upon to decide whether or not there has been a violation of Article 5 § 3 (see Labita v. Italy [GC], no. 26772/95, § 152, ECHR 2000-IV, and Kudła, cited above, § 110).
40. The persistence of reasonable suspicion that the person arrested has committed an offence is a condition sine qua non for the lawfulness of the continued detention, but after a certain lapse of time it no longer suffices. The Court must then establish whether the other grounds given by the judicial authorities continued to justify the deprivation of liberty. Where such grounds were “relevant” and “sufficient”, the Court must also be satisfied that the national authorities displayed “special diligence” in the conduct of the proceedings. The complexity and special characteristics of the investigation are factors to be considered in this respect (see, for example, Scott v. Spain, judgment of 18 December 1996, Reports 1996-VI, pp. 2399-400, § 74, and I.A. v. France, judgment of 23 September 1998, Reports 1998-VII, p. 2978, § 102).
2. Application of the principles to the circumstances of the present case
41. The Court observes that the Istanbul State Security Court examined the applicant's continued detention at the end of every hearing, either of its own motion or upon the applicant's request. It notes however, from the material in the case file, that the court ordered the applicant's continued detention using identical, stereotyped terms, such as “having regard to the nature of the offence, the state of the evidence and the content of the file” at the end of most of the hearings. Although, in general, the expression “the state of evidence” may be a relevant factor for the existence and persistence of serious indications of guilt, in the present case it nevertheless, alone, cannot justify the length of the detention of which the applicant complains (see Letellier v. France, judgment of 26 June 1991, Series A no. 207; Tomasi v. France, judgment of 27 August 1992, Series A no. 241-A; and Demirel v. Turkey, no. 39324/98, § 59, 28 January 2003).
42. In this context, the Court notes that the State Security Court failed to indicate to what extent the applicant's release would have posed a risk, after - by then - well over eight years of detention (including the periods of imprisonment after conviction), in its last decision to extend the applicant's detention pending his re-trial at first instance (see Demirel, cited above, § 60).
43. The foregoing considerations are sufficient to enable the Court to conclude that the grounds given for the applicant's pre-trial detention were not “sufficient” and “relevant” to justify holding him in custody for nearly seven years and two months. In these circumstances it is not necessary to examine whether the proceedings were conducted with special diligence.
44. There has accordingly been a violation of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention.
III. ALLEGED VIOLATION OF ARTICLE 6 § 1 OF THE CONVENTION
45. The applicant complained under Article 6 § 1 of the Convention about the length of the criminal proceedings, which are still pending after more than twelve years. Article 6 § 1, in so far as relevant, provides:
“In the determination of ... any criminal charge against him, everyone is entitled to a ... hearing within a reasonable time by [a] ... tribunal...”
46. The Government submitted that the case was complex, considering the charges against the applicant and the need to organise a large-scale trial involving sixteen defendants and numerous witnesses. They contended that these factors explained the length of the proceedings and that no negligence or delay could be imputed to the judicial authorities. They alleged that the applicant had contributed to the length of the proceedings by not appearing at a number of hearings. Furthermore, they maintained that his lawyer had failed to submit defence statements at five consecutive hearings.
47. The applicant contended that he could not appear at some of the hearings because of his illness. He maintained however that he could not be held responsible for the total length of the proceedings.
48. The Court observes that the proceedings began on 23 January 1994 with the applicant's arrest and are still pending before the Istanbul Assize Court. They have thus already lasted twelve years and eleven months for two levels of jurisdiction, which examined the case twice.
49. The Court has frequently found violations of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention in cases raising issues similar to that in the present application (see Pélissier and Sassi v. France [GC], no. 25444/94, § 67, ECHR 1999‑II, and Ertürk v. Turkey, no. 15259/02, 12 April 2005).
50. Having examined all the material submitted to it and having regard to its case-law on the subject, the Court considers that in the instant case the length of the proceedings was excessive and failed to meet the “reasonable time” requirement.
51. There has accordingly been a breach of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention.
IV. APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 41 OF THE CONVENTION
52. Article 41 of the Convention provides:
“If the Court finds that there has been a violation of the Convention or the Protocols thereto, and if the internal law of the High Contracting Party concerned allows only partial reparation to be made, the Court shall, if necessary, afford just satisfaction to the injured party.”
A. Damage
53. The applicant claimed 25,000 euros (EUR) in respect of pecuniary damage and EUR 12,500 for non-pecuniary damage.
54. The Government disputed these claims.
55. The Court does not discern any causal link between the violation found and the pecuniary damage alleged; it therefore rejects this claim. However, it accepts that the applicant must have suffered some non-pecuniary damage on account of the undue length of his pre-trial detention and the criminal proceedings, which cannot be sufficiently compensated by the finding of violations alone. Taking into account the circumstances of the case and having regard to its case-law, the Court awards the applicant EUR 10,000 under this head.
B. Costs and expenses
56. By way of costs and expenses in relation to his representation, the applicant claimed 400 new Turkish liras (TRY) (EUR 200) in respect of communication and translation costs, and TRY 6,700 (EUR 3,350) for legal expenses. He submitted that this amount included the visiting and travel expenses of his lawyer, as well as the work relating to the proceedings before the Court in preparing the application and the observations on admissibility and merits. He claimed that his representative had applied the scale recommended by the Istanbul Bar for applications to the Court.
57. The Government contested the applicant's claim as being unsubstantiated by any documentation.
58. On the basis of the material in its possession and ruling on an equitable basis, the Court awards the applicant EUR 2,500 in respect of costs and expenses.
C. Default interest
59. The Court considers it appropriate that the default interest should be based on the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank, to which should be added three percentage points.
FOR THESE REASONS, THE COURT UNANIMOUSLY
1. Declares the application admissible;
2. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 5 § 3 of the Convention;
3. Holds that there has been a violation of Article 6 § 1 of the Convention;
4. Holds
(a) that the respondent State is to pay the applicant, within three months from the date on which the judgment becomes final in accordance with Article 44 § 2 of the Convention, the following amounts, to be converted into new Turkish liras at the rate applicable at the date of settlement:
(i) EUR 10,000 (ten thousand euros) in respect of non-pecuniary damage;
(ii) EUR 2,500 (two thousand five hundred euros) in respect of costs and expenses;
(iii) any tax that may be chargeable on the above amounts;
(b) that from the expiry of the above-mentioned three months until settlement simple interest shall be payable on the above amounts at a rate equal to the marginal lending rate of the European Central Bank during the default period plus three percentage points
5. Dismisses the remainder of the applicant's claim for just satisfaction.
Done in English, and notified in writing on 16 January 2007, pursuant to Rule 77 §§ 2 and 3 of the Rules of Court.
S. Dollé A.B. Baka
Registrar President